Karenia cristata sp. nov. and Karenia bicuneiformis sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae): two new Karenia species from the South African coast

Plankton productivity of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)

“…On the West Coast, harmful algae usually form persistent and widespread blooms during late summer when waters are stratified (Pitcher and Boyd, 1996;Probyn et al, 2000;. HABs negatively impact the ecosystem by introducing toxins that are detrimental to marine and human life (Botes et al, 2003). Settling organic matter, which follows bloom decay, has a high respiratory demand, and as such high biomass blooms are often associated with rapid oxygen consumption that can lead to hypoxia and anoxia (Pitcher et al, 2008;Pitcher and Weeks, 2006;Pitcher and Cockcroft, 1998).…”

The Dinoflagellate Genera Brachidinium, Asterodinium, Microceratium and Karenia in the Open SE Pacific Ocean

“…Takayama (1985) based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed several types of apical grooves in unarmoured dinoflagellates. Daugbjerg et al (2000) based on light microscopy, SEM, pigment composition and LSU rDNA sequences split Gymnodinium into four genera: Gymnodinium sensu stricto, Akashiwo G. (Yang et al 2001;Botes et al 2003;de Salas et al 2004;Haywood et al 2004). Among the recently described species, Karenia papilionacea Haywood et Steidinger showed several peculiar characteristics in cultures with an unusual plasticity and high size variability.…”

Effect of salinity on the distribution, growth, and toxicity of Karenia spp.

“…In 2004, two of those archived samples were re-examined in the light of the many new Karenia spp. that have been recognized since the samples were originally counted (Chang, 1999;Yang et al, 2000;Botes et al, 2003;Haywood et al, 2004;Chang and Ryan, 2004;de Salas et al, 2004) to determine if the bloom species was K. brevis.…”

“…Subsequent discovery of new species worldwide (Chang, 1999;Yang et al, 2000;Botes et al, 2003;Haywood et al, 2004;Chang and Ryan, 2004;de Salas et al, 2004), including the Gulf of Mexico, and the recent taxonomic changes (Daugbjerb et al, 2000), combined with the unusual low salinity tolerance of the NGOMEX bloom organism prompted reexamination of archived samples. Two samples from Louisiana coastal waters east of the Mississippi River delta taken at the beginning of the bloom (23.6 and 24.5 psu) were reexamined.…”

“…Although Dragovich (1968) noted considerable morphological variability in Florida Karenia, it has only recently been shown that there is a suite of Karenia spp. with very similar morphology (Chang, 1999;Daugbjerb et al, 2000;Yang et al, 2000;Botes et al, 2003;Haywood et al, 2004;Chang and Ryan, 2004;de Salas et al, 2004).…”