Karyotype evolution and new chromosomal data in Erodium: chromosome alteration, polyploidy, dysploidy, and symmetrical karyotypes

Abstract

Chromosomal data are valuable and very useful for revealing evolution and speciation processes. Due to its wide distribution throughout the world, morphological differences, and chromosomal alterations, Erodium L'Hér. is an important genus for investigating the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotype evolution. In the present study, the chromosome records of 15 taxa are provided; three are reported here for the first time (E. birandianum, E. gaillardotii, and E. hendrikii), seven present new chromosome numbers, and five are in agreement with previous reports. Karyotype evolution is summarized in the light of this data, and four different genomes are presented in the genus. Millions of years ago the ancestral karyotype was x = 9 in Asia (Genome I). Then, karyotypes x = 8 (Genome II) and x = 10 (Genome III) were shaped through dysploidy in Anatolia and Asia. They were distributed in the Mediterranean Basin through the Anatolian land bridge and in North and South America via the Bering land bridge and the North Atlantic land bridge. Finally, a high proportion of polyploidization was observed in secondary centers, especially the Mediterranean Basin and Australia (Genome IV).

Using carrot centromeric repeats to study karyotype relationships in the genus Daucus (Apiaceae)

“…Karyotype features, especially chromosome number, chromosome length, karyotype asymmetry, the number of rDNA sites, and other chromosomal markers, are of great use in plant taxonomy and evolutionary studies. Thus, comparative karyotype analyses have been broadly utilized to elucidate relationships among taxa (at different taxonomic levels), as well as to understand the trends in chromosome evolution [ 41 – 47 ]. Moreover, comparative cytogenetic studies have provided evidence for extensive chromosome rearrangements in several plant species, e.g., those belonging to the families Brassicaceae [ 48 , 49 ], Solanaceae [ 50 , 51 ], and Poaceae [ 52 – 54 ].…”

Karyotype Analysis of Two Varieties of Paronychia amani (Caryophyllaceae, Paronychioideae)

“…The stages of cytogenetic procedure are listed below, respectively. (i) between moist whatman papers in petri dishes at room temperature for germination, (ii) 16 hours α-monobromonaphthalene for pretreatment, (iii) Carnoy's fixative (3 alcohol: 1 acetic acid) for fixation, (iv) 12 min HCl (1 N) at 60°C for hydrolyze, (v) 2 h aceto orcein (2%) for staining, (vi) acetic acid (45%) for squashing, (vi) DPX for permanent preparation (Elçi and Sancak, 2013;Martin et al, 2020).…”

“…The chromosomal data are increasingly used to elucidate the origin, speciation and evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of plants in plant taxonomy. Important cytotaxonomic characters are numbers (basic and diploid), lengths (chromosome, relative and total haploid), chromosome structure and number variations (deletion, inversion, translocation, dysploidy and polyploidy), centromeric data (centromeric index and karyotype formula), and karyotype asymmetry (intrachromosomal and interchromosomal) (Peruzzi and Eroğlu, 2013;Eroğlu, 2015;Baltisberger and Hörandl, 2016;Martin et al, 2020). In Paronychia, the basic number is shaped as x = 5, 7, 8, 13 and more common x = 9 .…”

Karyotype Analysis of Paronychia anatolica subsp. anatolica (Caryophyllaceae, Paronychioideae)

“…The fourth is hydrolysis in 1 N HCl at 60°C for 12 min. The fifth is staining in 2% acetoorcein for 2 h. The sixth is the preparation with the squash method (Elçi and Sancak, 2013;Martin et al, 2020).…”