Kesenjangan Penghasilan Menurut Gender Di Indonesia

Abstract

Kesenjangan gender terjadi di berbagai negara di dunia seperti yang dijelaskan oleh World Economic Forum melalui Global Gap Gender Index (GGGI). Salah satu aspek GGGI adalah dari segi ekonomi yaitu participation and opportunity. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur seberapa besar kesenjangan penghasilan yang terjadi menurut gender di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data Sakernas 2019 dan metode dekomposisi Blinder-Oaxaca diperoleh hasil bahwa kesenjangan penghasilan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia sebesar 0,4282 poin persentase, yang artinya secara rata-rata penghasilan laki-laki lebih tinggi 42,82 persen dibandingkan dengan perempuan. Kontribusi faktor diskriminasi lebih dominan dibandingkan faktor endowment terhadap total kesenjangan yang terjadi. Faktor endowment seperti umur, jam kerja, pendidikan, jenis dan lapangan pekerjaan hanya berkontribusi sebesar 3,55 persen dari total kesenjangan yang terjadi, sementara kontribusi faktor diskriminasi sebesar 96,45 persen.

Employment Participation and Determinants of the Gender Wage Gap in the Head of the Household

“…The gender pay gap tends to widen at the bottom of the wage distribution. This is in line with the results of Mardiana (2015) and Lusiyanti (2020) which show that the discrimination factor affects the gender pay gap more than the endowment factor. The difference is, Mardiana (2015) and Lusiyanti (2020) use labor participation data in the form of dummy and wages in the form of natural logarithms, Hennigusnia (2014) using the natural logarithm of wages.…”

“…On the demand side, there is discrimination by companies in choosing workers (Tank, 2018) There are several previous studies that have been conducted on the wage gap and gender pay in Indonesia. In general, the results of the study show the consistency of the results that there is a gender wage and wage gap in Indonesia (Anas & Damayanti, 2018;Dewi, 2019;Hennigusnia, 2014;Laili & Damayanti, 2018;Lusiyanti, 2020;Mardiana, 2015;Pirmana, 2006;Sugiharti & Kurnia, 2018). The research that has been done uses different data, approaches and levels (Ehrenberg & Smith, 2012) On a macro level, Sugiharti & Kurnia (2018) prove that there has been a gender pay gap in Indonesia.…”

DAIRY FARMERS’ GROUP DYNAMICS IN “NEW NORMAL” ADAPTATION (A Study Case in Pujon District)

“…According to Ervina et al (2019), women generally have the part of business supervisors while their husbands are taking care of their livestock. Patriarchal culture, housewives, and discrimination are the causes of the low participation of women workers (Lusiyanti, 2020).…”

Attitudes and Knowledges of Dairy Farmers toward Forage Canning Tecnology

“…The respondent's factor was dominated by man, it can be seen from the type of work as a farmer that definitely required a strong and agile workforce, especially in finding animal feed and taking care of livestock, of course a man had more strength than a woman. In addition, in Indonesia the majority of workers and employers were men, this was as stated by (Lusiyanti, 2020) that the participation of female workers in Indonesia was getting smaller by only 50% and the participation of male workers was 80%, the participation of female workers was low because patriarchal culture, discrimination, and housewife factors. Also, according to (Abdulkadir-Sunito, 2013) men who work as farm laborers and farmers have a longer duration of work and higher productivity than women who work as farm laborers and farmers.…”