Kidney injury, fluid, electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in alcoholics

Abstract

In the 21st century, alcoholism and the consequences of ethyl alcohol abuse are major public health concerns in the United States, affecting approximately 14 million people. Pertinent to the global impact of alcoholism is the World Health Organisation estimate that 140 million people worldwide suffer from alcohol dependence. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are the third leading causes of preventable death in the United States. Alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse cost the United State an estimated US$220 billion in 2005, eclipsing the expense associated with cancer (US$196 billion) or obesity (US$133 billion). Orally ingested ethyl alcohol is absorbed rapidly without chemical change from the stomach and intestine, reaching maximum blood concentration in about an hour. Alcohol crosses capillary membranes by simple diffusion, affecting almost every organ system in the body by impacting a wide range of cellular functions. Alcohol causes metabolic derangements either directly, via its chemical by-product or secondarily through alcohol-induced disorders. Many of these alcohol-related metabolic disturbances are increased in severity by the malnutrition that is common in those with chronic alcoholism. This review focuses on the acute and chronic injurious consequences of alcohol ingestion on the kidney, as well as the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities associated with acute and chronic ingestion of alcohol.

Effects of different doses of Arak on liver and kidney microstructures in Swiss albino mice: Histopathological study

“…The degree of in ammation and necrosis is exacerbated by as the dose of Arake was increased. This nding is similar with study done in USA on rats in 2012 by Narin F et al and Ifudu et al in 2014 in Nigeria alcohol induces alteration in hepatocytes by inducing in ammation and shrinking bowman's space (30,31). The reason may be due to alcohol induced oxidative stress polyunsaturated fatty acid in composition of renal lipids has a degenerative effect on the renal tissue by inducing in ammation and necrosis and acid-base balance abnormality (27,32,33).…”

Alcohol Consumption Can be a “Double-Edged Sword” for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

“…In general, the proximal part of the small intestine is the main site for alcohol absorption. Additionally, the stomach, large intestine, esophagus, and even the mouth can absorb small amounts of ethyl alcohol [21].…”

“…Some enzymes that are necessary for ethanol metabolism, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, and CYP24A1, have been found in the kidneys [22,23]. Furthermore, approximately 10% of ingested ethanol is excreted by the kidneys in its original form [21]. Therefore, excessive alcohol consumption places a major strain on the normal metabolic processes of the kidneys.…”

Restorative Effects of Aloe Vera Gel on Alcohol Induced Hepato-Nephrocellular Dysfunction

“…The observed concentrations of serum bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid as well as albumin in this study are consistent with previous reports [3,31] that alcohol ingestion causes the accumulation of bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid and decrease in albumin concentration in the serum. Hypomagnesaemia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in alcoholics and the mechanisms for development of hypomagnesemia in alcoholism include: increased transfer of magnesium from extracellular to intracellular fluid [1,12]. This is usually due to respiratory alkalosis and increased magnesium excretion which may occur in hypophosphatemia that causes reduced magnesium reabsorption at the loop of Henle and the distal tubules [1].…”

“…Hypomagnesaemia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in alcoholics and the mechanisms for development of hypomagnesemia in alcoholism include: increased transfer of magnesium from extracellular to intracellular fluid [1,12]. This is usually due to respiratory alkalosis and increased magnesium excretion which may occur in hypophosphatemia that causes reduced magnesium reabsorption at the loop of Henle and the distal tubules [1]. The serum sodium (Na + ) level is determined by the balance of fluid in relation to the availability of sodium in the system [12].…”