Kinetic studies on surface segregation of manganese during annealing of low-carbon steel

Hudson, R. M.; Biber, Herbert; Oles, E. J.; Warning, C. J.

doi:10.1007/bf02646874

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The manganese surface content is minimal at 10 ppm H 2 O and soars at 80 ppm H 2 O, before retreating again from the free surface at higher dew points. These XPS peak variations are perhaps specific to the dual-phase steel chemistry considered, and this interpretation certainly calls for confirmation work based on other steel compositions 14 . The XPS depth profiles pertaining to the core-level spectra of Fig.…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Investigation into the surface selective oxidation of dual‐phase steels by XPS, SAM and SIMS

Eynde

Servais

Lamberigts

2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Surface selective oxides created during continuous annealing (MnO, SiO 2 , etc.) can have a deleterious effect on coating adhesion after hot-dip galvanizing. Earlier research works have made it clear that increasing the annealing atmosphere oxidizing potential can alleviate the problem by reducing external surface selective oxidation. In the present study, increasing the water vapour content of the nitrogen-hydrogen protective gas mixture was used to raise its oxidizing potential. The technique was applied to a classical dual-phase steel (0.15% C, 1.5% Mn, 0.45% Si, 0.05% Al. . .) that was annealed for 60 s at 800-810• C in protective atmospheres of nitrogen and 5% hydrogen with water vapour contents ranging from 10 to 6000 ppm.Post-annealing surfaces were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). In situ XPS analyses were carried out right after simulation annealing in the preparation chamber connected to the spectrometer, never returning the specimens to air. This made it possible to identify in a reliable way the elements that segregated to the surface during the treatment, and to determine their corresponding oxidation states. On the other hand, the high sensitivity of SIMS was taken advantage of to assess oxide in-depth concentration profiles (SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , FeO) as a function of the annealing conditions, and SAM was used to characterize the corresponding oxide particle morphology.External selective oxidation was thus shown to decrease with increasing water vapour contents in the atmosphere (from 80 to 6000 ppm), whereas internal oxidation increases drastically to ∼4 µm below the free surface. At 10 ppm of H 2 O the oxygen partial pressure is very low and the external selective oxidation results in a thin, but almost complete, coverage of the steel surface. Consequently, metallic iron cannot be observed at the surface, thus hampering hot-dip galvanizability, unless the water vapour content is raised to 6000 ppm. Various surface morphologies were observed and discussed.In the authors' opinion, basic investigations of this type are an indispensable first step to improving the response of highly alloyed steels (dual-phase, TRIP) to hot-dip galvanizing.

show abstract

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Investigation into the surface selective oxidation of dual‐phase steels by XPS, SAM and SIMS

Eynde

Servais

Lamberigts

2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many studies have been published [2,7,13,14,16,[18][19][20][21]28,29,36] in which annealing cycles lasting up to several hours have been used to reveal the segregation mechanisms of small alloying element contents towards the surface of steels. These long annealing times are necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of precipitates on the steel surface in order for their characterization by conventional techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis or transmission electron microscopy (TEM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the presence of alloying elements in interstitial-free and low-carbon steels on their surface composition after annealing in reducing atmospheres (dew point=−30 °C)

Feliú¹,

Pérez-Revenga²

2004

Metall Mater Trans A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method is used to study the outer surfaces of interstitialfree (IF) and low-carbon (LC) steels with different alloying element contents (P, Ti, Nb, and Mn) after annealing at temperatures of 850 °C and 705 °C, respectively, for 40 seconds in reducing atmospheres (dew point ϭ Ϫ30 °C). The work discussed seeks to establish possible relationships between the bulk composition of the IF and LC steels and the contents of segregated alloying element observed by XPS on the surface of the annealed steels, as well as to establish the influence of the presence of a thin iron oxide film on the steel surface on the segregation and oxidation of the alloying elements. Despite the low Mn and Si bulk steel contents and the shortness of the annealing cycle, considerable enrichment of these elements on the surface is seen, mainly as manganese and silicon oxides. The formation of a MnO layer on the annealed steel surface seems to be related to the reduction of iron oxides and the increase in the metallic Fe content. Despite its low content in LC steels, carbon also seems to diffuse towards the annealed steel surface to reduce iron oxides.

show abstract

“…The influence of oxygen in an annealing atmosphere is widely observed for alloy systems; [22][23][24][25][26] therefore, oxygen should influence the segregation behavior in the films that SurSeg is capable of handling. By way of some illustrative examples, Mn segregation under oxygen in low-carbon steel, Fe-Mn-C, 22) and in Fe-Mn-Mo-C alloy; 23) Zr segregation under oxygen in Cu 70 Zr 30 alloy; 24) oxygen-induced Cr segregation in Cu-Cr alloy; 25) and oxygen-induced Ti segregation in Cu(Ti) alloy film 26) have all been reported in the literature. In all of the above cases, under an oxygen atmosphere, the elements in the alloys that have a high affinity for oxygen become segregated on the surface.…”

Section: Principles Behind the Methods Of Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Influence of Oxygen in Annealing Atmosphere on Surface Segregation Behavior in Layered Materials

Yoshitake

2012

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has often been observed that an element locating in an underlayer can segregate to the top surface of a layered structure. Whether in a vacuum or inert atmosphere, a method for predicting such segregation has been previously established. However, the annealing of a layered structure is sometimes carried out in an oxygen atmosphere. Therefore, the influence of oxygen in an annealing atmosphere upon the surface segregation behavior in layered materials is discussed here in. The energetics of oxygen adsorption onto each element within a layered material is considered. A formula for the prediction of surface segregation under an oxygen atmosphere is proposed. By introducing a general method to estimate the oxygen adsorption energy to metals and elemental semiconductors, some prediction examples are provided and are compared with experimental results.

show abstract

Kinetic studies on surface segregation of manganese during annealing of low-carbon steel

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Investigation into the surface selective oxidation of dual‐phase steels by XPS, SAM and SIMS

Investigation into the surface selective oxidation of dual‐phase steels by XPS, SAM and SIMS

Effect of the presence of alloying elements in interstitial-free and low-carbon steels on their surface composition after annealing in reducing atmospheres (dew point=−30 °C)

Prediction of Influence of Oxygen in Annealing Atmosphere on Surface Segregation Behavior in Layered Materials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About