Abstract:A feasible route toward the sustainable synthesis of chemicals was provided via the transformation of monoterpene pinenes into pinane. This article discusses the conversion of pinenes to pinane over spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (SFCCC)‐supported nickel (Ni/SFCCC) at 110–130 °C and 2–6 MPa. The Ni/SFCCC catalyst was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM‐EDS, ICP, and FTIR. These measurements revealed that not only did the noble metal‐free catalyst Ni/SFCCC enhance the hydrogenation of pinenes to pinane, but… Show more
“…Fluid catalytic cracking is an important process in petroleum refining, which generates large quantities of spent fluid cracking catalyst (SFCCR)—approximately 160 000 tons [ 8 ]. Spent catalysts that are not regenerated are typically buried and not only pollute the environment but also limit recycling of silicon and aluminium resources [ 9 ]. SFCCR has been reported as a material for use in sorbent and construction applications; however, SFCCR has rarely been employed as a catalyst [ 10 , 11 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the primary challenge associated with homogeneous catalysts is how to separate the catalyst from the product, which can lead to the presence of residual metals in the product [ 15 , 16 ]. Therefore, the development of new heterogeneous catalysts is of significant interest [ 9 , 17 ].…”
A heterogeneous catalyst (ZnO/SFCCR) composed of ZnO supported on spent fluid cracking catalyst by wet impregnation was synthesized and applied to the esterification of colophony acids with methanol under subcritical CO2 conditions. The catalyst was characterized by SEM-EDS, BET, ICP, FTIR, XRD and Py-IR. An experimental set-up involving a new injection technique was designed to promote the heterogeneous methyl esterification, and the subcritical CO2 played a role in auxiliary acid catalysis (a pH range of 3.54–3.91), increasing the lifespan of ZnO/SFCCR, reducing the viscosity of the system to promote gas–liquid mass transfer. A maximum conversion rate of 97.01% was obtained in a relatively short time of 5 h. Kinetic experiments were performed from 190 to 220°C using a special high-temperature sampling device and analysing aliquots with high-performance liquid chromatography. A new reaction pathway, involving methyl abietate, methyl dehydroabietate, methyl neoabietate and methyl palustrate along with other kinds of colophony acids, was developed. The kinetic parameters were obtained using the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least-squares method, and the activation energies for the isomerizations of neoabietic and palustric acids and for the methyl esterification of neoabietic, abietic, palustric and dehydroabietic acids were found to be 107.09, 113.95, 68.99, 49.85, 75.43 and 59.20 kJ mol−1, respectively. The results from the kinetic model were in good agreement with experimental values.
“…Fluid catalytic cracking is an important process in petroleum refining, which generates large quantities of spent fluid cracking catalyst (SFCCR)—approximately 160 000 tons [ 8 ]. Spent catalysts that are not regenerated are typically buried and not only pollute the environment but also limit recycling of silicon and aluminium resources [ 9 ]. SFCCR has been reported as a material for use in sorbent and construction applications; however, SFCCR has rarely been employed as a catalyst [ 10 , 11 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the primary challenge associated with homogeneous catalysts is how to separate the catalyst from the product, which can lead to the presence of residual metals in the product [ 15 , 16 ]. Therefore, the development of new heterogeneous catalysts is of significant interest [ 9 , 17 ].…”
A heterogeneous catalyst (ZnO/SFCCR) composed of ZnO supported on spent fluid cracking catalyst by wet impregnation was synthesized and applied to the esterification of colophony acids with methanol under subcritical CO2 conditions. The catalyst was characterized by SEM-EDS, BET, ICP, FTIR, XRD and Py-IR. An experimental set-up involving a new injection technique was designed to promote the heterogeneous methyl esterification, and the subcritical CO2 played a role in auxiliary acid catalysis (a pH range of 3.54–3.91), increasing the lifespan of ZnO/SFCCR, reducing the viscosity of the system to promote gas–liquid mass transfer. A maximum conversion rate of 97.01% was obtained in a relatively short time of 5 h. Kinetic experiments were performed from 190 to 220°C using a special high-temperature sampling device and analysing aliquots with high-performance liquid chromatography. A new reaction pathway, involving methyl abietate, methyl dehydroabietate, methyl neoabietate and methyl palustrate along with other kinds of colophony acids, was developed. The kinetic parameters were obtained using the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least-squares method, and the activation energies for the isomerizations of neoabietic and palustric acids and for the methyl esterification of neoabietic, abietic, palustric and dehydroabietic acids were found to be 107.09, 113.95, 68.99, 49.85, 75.43 and 59.20 kJ mol−1, respectively. The results from the kinetic model were in good agreement with experimental values.
“…The low-magnification SEM image shows the morphology of the spent FCC catalyst surface. The high-magnification SEM images of the spent FCC catalyst sample shows the surface, which appears to break and collapse 10 . The framework (large specific surface area and pore volume) of the zeolite Y is basically intact, which is favorable to support the nanostructure of TiO 2 and V 2 O 5 .Figure 4SEM images of the samples FCC, Ti/FCC, V-Ti-2/FCC, V-Ti/FCC and V/FCC with different morphologies by altering loaded different content of the V 2 O 5 or TiO 2 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The FCC catalyst deactivates with time and when the activity of the catalyst declines below the unacceptable level, it is usually disposed as hazardous waste 9 . The Ni, V, Fe and coke from petroleum crude oil are deposited onto the surface of the FCC catalyst particle 10,11 , and these impurities are even embedded in the zeolite Y framework of the FCC catalyst. Every year, more than 160,000 tons of spent catalyst are generated in the petrochemical industry 12 .…”
The spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) has been loaded with different content of V
2
O
5
and TiO
2
through a modified-impregnation method. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) are used to characterize the structure and morphology of these samples. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue (MB) solution under 300 W Xenon lamp irradiation. The interplanar spacing of the zeolite Y (111) plane is affected by the amount of the loaded V
2
O
5
on spent FCC catalyst. The (111) plane of spent FCC catalyst loaded with V
2
O
5
and TiO
2
sample is 1.404 nm, which is higher than that of the zeolite Y (1.395 nm). The amount of adsorption of MB and the photocatalytic activity for the degradation increased with increasing the interplanar spacing of the (111) plane of sample. We fabricated of spent FCC catalyst composites by loaded V
2
O
5
and TiO
2
, which effectively solved the spent FCC catalyst disposal problem. The efficiency of the developed sample provides a potentially economical way of degrading MB.
“…In order to address these issues, many studies have focused on making full use of the spent FCC catalyst. Wang et al 31 investigated the conversion of pinenes to pinane over nickel supported over a spent FCC catalyst, with a total pinenes conversion of 98.48% and a cis-trans ratio of 13.89. Lu 32 introduced a novel method of using spent FCC catalysts or additives to upgrade n-butene into more useful propylene, iso-butene, iso-butane and even gasoline.…”
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