Kinetics of electrochemical boriding of low carbon steel

Kartal, Gülşah Ekin; Eryilmaz, O. L.; Krumdick, Gregory K.; Erdemir, Ali; Timur, Servet

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.03.034

Cited by 94 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Furthermore, borided steel yields a lower coefficient of friction in sliding contacts than the parent steel substrate, 17 especially after a short annealing process. 18,19 Recent developments in the boriding process have reduced the fabrication times to around 15 min, 20,21 with significant inservice improvement at elevated temperatures, which has resulted in commercially viable borided engine cylinders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined lubricant–surface system perspective: Multi-scale numerical–experimental investigation

Leighton

Nicholls

Cruz

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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Frictional losses are one of the main causes of reduced energy efficiency in all machines and mechanisms. In particular, there is mounting pressure upon manufacturers of all forms of vehicle to comply with increasingly stringent legislation and directives with regard to harmful emissions. Therefore, reduction of friction has become an imperative issue. The traditional approach of dealing with surface material and lubricant formulation in isolation has been replaced by a lubricant-surface system approach. This paper presents multi-scale experimentation from nano/meso-scale lateral force microscopy of ultra-thin surface adsorbed films through to micro-scale precision sliding tribometry to investigate lubricant-surface friction optimisation within the mixed regime of lubrication, using lubricants with different organic and inorganic friction modifying species. These affect the parameters of the system, commonly used as input to models for mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication. Therefore, the precise measurement of these parameters at different physical scales is important. The study also makes use of detailed numerical predictions at micro-scale through combined solution of the average Reynolds equation as well as interaction of wetted asperities in mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication. Good agreement is found between the predictions and measurements at micro-scale tribometric interactions. Furthermore, the same trends are observed in testing across the physical scales.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined lubricant–surface system perspective: Multi-scale numerical–experimental investigation

Leighton

Nicholls

Cruz

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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“…The OM observations revealed the formation of Fe,B layers with a saw tooth morphology. This particular morphology is observed in the boride layers formed on low-carbon steels [25][26][27][28][29][30] and Armco iron [4,12,15,16] due to the absence of alloying elements in the substrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Boriding kinetics of Fe2B layers formed on AISI 1045 steel

Zuno-Silva

Domı́nguez

Кеддам

et al. 2014

J min metall B Metall

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A b stra c t In the present work, a diffusion m odel was suggested to study the growth kinetics o f F e,B layers grown on the A ISI 1045 steel by the pack-boriding treatment. The generated boride layers were analyzed by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The applied diffusion m odel is based on the principle o f mass conservation at the (F e,B / substrate) interface. It was used to estimate the boron diffusion coefficients o f Fe,B in the temperature range o f 1123-1273 K. A validation o f the m odel was also made by comparing the experimental F e,B layer thickness obtained at 1253 K fo r 5 h o f treatment with the predicted value.Basing on our experimental results, the boron activation energy was estim ated as 180 kJ m ol'1 * fo r the A ISI 1045 steel.

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“…The Fe-Al intermetallic phases, FeAl 3 and Fe 2 Al 5, were detected clearly due to the powder pack contained high Al amount up to 25 wt.% [16][17][18]. Also, the aluminized layers increase with increasing aluminizing time taking into account diffusion theory [19][20][21][22][23]. The squared thickness of aluminized layer as a function of time can be explained in Eq.…”

Section: Non-deep Rolled Austenitic Stainless Steel Aisi 304mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion enhancement of low-temperature pack aluminizing on austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 by deep rolling process

Yutanorm¹,

Juijerm²

2016

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The deep rolling process is a mechanical surface treatment which plastically deforms only the surface and near-surface regions. The deep rolled AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel has been investigated to illustrate the near-surface plastic deformation effect on the aluminium diffusion rate in the low-temperature pack aluminizing process. Near-surface properties such as residual stresses and full width at half maximum (FWHM) values were measured using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The deep rolled, and non-deep rolled specimens were aluminized using powder pack method at the relatively low temperature of 550 • C for about 2-8 h. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and XRD were used to characterize the surface layers. It was found that the deep rolled condition shows the higher diffusion coefficient as compared to the non-deep rolled condition. Finally, it can be mentioned that the deep rolling process can enhance the diffusion rate of the pack aluminizing treatment at the temperature of 550 • C.

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Kinetics of electrochemical boriding of low carbon steel

Cited by 94 publications

References 34 publications

Combined lubricant–surface system perspective: Multi-scale numerical–experimental investigation

Combined lubricant–surface system perspective: Multi-scale numerical–experimental investigation

Boriding kinetics of Fe2B layers formed on AISI 1045 steel

Diffusion enhancement of low-temperature pack aluminizing on austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 by deep rolling process

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