Mice that could be highly repopulated with human hepatocytes would have many potential uses in drug development and research applications. The best available model of liver humanization, the uroplasminogen-activator transgenic model, has major practical limitations. To provide a broadly useful hepatic xenorepopulation system, we generated severely immunodeficient, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah)-deficient mice. After pretreatment with a urokinaseexpressing adenovirus, these animals could be highly engrafted (up to 90%) with human hepatocytes from multiple sources, including liver biopsies. Furthermore, human cells could be serially transplanted from primary donors and repopulate the liver for at least four sequential rounds. The expanded cells displayed typical human drug metabolism. This system provides a robust platform to produce high-quality human hepatocytes for tissue culture. It may also be useful for testing the toxicity of drug metabolites and for evaluating pathogens dependent on human liver cells for replication.The liver is the principal site for the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds, including medical drugs. Because many hepatic enzymes are species specific, it is necessary to evaluate the metabolism of candidate pharmaceuticals using cultured primary human hepatocytes 1,2 . Today, hepatocytes are isolated primarily from cadaveric organs and then shipped to the location where testing will be performed. The condition (viability and state of differentiation) of hepatocytes from cadaveric sources is highly variable, and many cell preparations are of marginal quality. The availability of high-quality human hepatocytes is further hampered by the fact that they cannot be substantially expanded in tissue culture 3,4 . Hepatocytes from readily available mammalian species, such as the mouse, are not suitable for drug testing because they have a different complement of metabolic enzymes and