Kinetics of the Condensation Reaction of Epoxide with Phenol: Linear Chain Growth versus Branching

Smith, Mark E.; Ishida, Hatsuo

doi:10.1021/ma00088a008

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Pertinently, Smith and Ishida 46 found that the phenol and epoxide reaction was found to proceed to a level of 50 % at which point the phenolic species activated the branching reaction. A similar situation appears to take place here with BA-a blends containing lower BPA concentrations seeming to favour linear chain growth rather than branching with profound changes seen in both reactivity and final properties.…”

Section: Methodology For Molecular Modelling the Molecular Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the influence of bisphenol A on the polymerisation and network properties of an aromatic benzoxazine

Hassan

Liu

Howlin

et al. 2016

Polymer

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms ABSTRACT: A series of reactive blends, comprising a commercial benzoxazine monomer, 2,2- bis(3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine)propane, and bisphenol A is prepared andcharacterized. Thermal analysis and dynamic rheology reveal how the introduction of up to 15 wt % bisphenol A lead to a significant increase in reactivity (the exothermic peak maximum of thermal polymerization is reduced from 245 ºC to 215 ºC), with a small penalty in glass transition temperature (reduction of 15 K), but similar thermal stability (onset of degradation = 283 ºC, char yield = 26 %). With higher concentrations of bisphenol A (e.g. 25 wt %), a significantly more reactive blend is produced (exothermic peak maximum = 192 ºC), but with a significantly lower thermal stability (onset of degradation = 265 ºC, char yield = 22 %) and glass transition temperature (128 ºC). Attempts to produce a cured plaque containing 35 wt % bisphenol A were unsuccessful, due to brittleness. Molecular modelling is used to replicate successfully the glass transition temperatures (measured using thermal analysis) of a range of copolymers.

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Section: Methodology For Molecular Modelling the Molecular Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the influence of bisphenol A on the polymerisation and network properties of an aromatic benzoxazine

Hassan

Liu

Howlin

et al. 2016

Polymer

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“…This temperature was chosen to avoid branching reactions between DGEBA and BPA. Branching reactions are indeed reported to occur at temperatures higher than 423 K (Smith and Ishida 1994). For each mass ratio (r BPA ), the relative weight-average molecular weights of the DGEBA/BPA system…”

Section: Materials and Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of suspension viscosity on Brownian relaxation of filler particles

et al. 2017

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Brownian relaxation caused by Brownian movement of particles in suspensions can macroscopically be probed by small-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments. Phenomenological considerations suggest a direct proportionality between suspension viscosity and Brownian relaxation times. To verify this relation experimentally, a set of nanocomposite suspensions with viscosities varying over five decades is presented. The suspensions are chosen in a way to ensure that particle-particle interactions and average particle-particle distances are identical so that they can be used as a model system to study the mere influence of suspension viscosity on Brownian relaxation. The suggested linear relationship between suspension viscosity and Brownian relaxation time can be confirmed. Moreover, a verification of a recently introduced characteristic timescale for Brownian relaxation is presented.

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“…Apart from GPSD, a diamine (ethylenediamine, EDA) was added to the formulation to partially crosslink the epoxy-functionalized silica sol and DGEBA, by a typical epoxy-amine reaction [20]. This reaction generates a tertiary amine which in turn acts as a catalyst for the reaction of the epoxy excess with the OH groups of the phenolic resin [21]. This enabled to produce the desired covalent bonds among the functionalized silica sol, DGEBA and phenolic resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of a Phenolic Resin with Epoxy- and Methacrylate-Functionalized Silica Sols to Improve the Ablation Resistance of Their Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Geng

You

et al. 2014

Polymers

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Functionalized silica sols were obtained by the hydrolytic condensation of (γ-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPMS), (γ-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Three different sols were obtained: MPS (derived from MPMS and TEOS), GPS-MPS (derived from GPMS, MPMS and TEOS), and GPSD (derived from GPMS, TEOS and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA). These silica sols were mixed with a phenolic resin (PR). Ethylenediamine was used as a hardener for epoxy-functionalized sols and benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator of the free-radical polymerization of methacrylate-functionalized silica sols. Glass fiber-reinforced composites were obtained from the neat PR and MPS-PR, GPS-MPS-PR and GPSD-PR. The resulting composites were evaluated as ablation resistant materials in an acetylene-oxygen flame. A large increase in the ablation resistance was observed when the PR was modified by the functionalized silica sols. The ablation resistance of the composites decreased as follows: GPSD-PR > MPS-PR > GPS-MPS-PR > PR.

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Kinetics of the Condensation Reaction of Epoxide with Phenol: Linear Chain Growth versus Branching

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Examining the influence of bisphenol A on the polymerisation and network properties of an aromatic benzoxazine

Examining the influence of bisphenol A on the polymerisation and network properties of an aromatic benzoxazine

Influence of suspension viscosity on Brownian relaxation of filler particles

Modification of a Phenolic Resin with Epoxy- and Methacrylate-Functionalized Silica Sols to Improve the Ablation Resistance of Their Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

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