Kola in the History of West Africa.

Lovejoy, Paul E.

doi:10.3406/cea.1980.2353

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…& Papers, 1879). Inter-regional trade in local produce also increased as the export economy grew, including goods such as red peppers, kola nuts, livestock, and manufactured products such as textiles, leather goods and iron hoes (Lovejoy, 1980a). As few urban centres existed, most daily staples remained locally produced (Inikori, 2013).…”

Section: Adaptation Of Endogenous Awm Systems To External Opportunitimentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the factors causing the poor performance of most irrigation schemes in post-independence sub-Saharan Africa

Bjornlund

Bjørnlund

Rooyen³

2020

International Journal of Water Resources Development

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This article explores the factors causing the current poor performance of most government irrigation schemes in sub-Saharan Africa. The literature review finds that the poor performance is not primarily caused by socioeconomic and biophysical conditions inherent to sub-Saharan Africa. African farmers have adapted to diverse biophysical conditions and expanded or contracted their area under agricultural water management in response to market signals. Rather, this poor performance is predominantly linked to the production systems introduced during colonialism and developments since independence, such as agricultural policies restraining rural economic development, unsuitable irrigation technologies and agricultural practices, and international lending practices and trade arrangements.

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Section: Adaptation Of Endogenous Awm Systems To External Opportunitimentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the factors causing the poor performance of most irrigation schemes in post-independence sub-Saharan Africa

Bjornlund

Bjørnlund

Rooyen³

2020

International Journal of Water Resources Development

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“…Poppy (Zapata et al 2004) Spain, Mediterranean (5500 BCE) Cannabis (Merlin 2003) Various sites from 500 BCE (refs in Merlin 2003) India Cereals for alcohol (Fuller 2005) Southern Neolithic (1500 BCE) Cannabis (Touw 1981;Zohary et al 2012) 1000 BCE Africa (East, West) Coffee (Anthony et al 2002) Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan (500 CE) Kola (Lovejoy 1980) Guinea (,1500 CE) Melanesia (New Guinea) Sugar cane (Denham 2011;Grivet et al 2004) New Guinea highlands (6000 BCE? )…”

Section: Psychoactive Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Influences on the Neolithic Transition

Wadley

Hayden²

2015

Journal of Ethnobiology

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“…Cola nitida (Kola nut) also known as cola, goro nut, is an important commercial and economic crop for many West African countries (Lovejoy, 1980). It grows into a tree form and it is cultivated to a large degree in Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Brazil and the West Indian Islands (Opeke, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2016

IJAPR

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The aim of this work was to determine the effect of different botanicals on proximate, minerals and anti-nutrient composition of kola nut in respect to length of storage at 3 weeks after curing. Different classes of weight, 1-10, 11-20 and 21-40g and colours of C. nitida nut were collected from "Ogunmakin market" Ogun state. The nuts in a basket were lined up with different botanicals while justoxin was used as a standard. The nuts of the different sizes and colours were crushed separately into smaller particle sizes using perforated grater for analysis. Nutritive and anti-nutrient evaluation were investigated. Significant difference was obtained for potassium, magnesium and zinc with Potassium having the highest in all the elements analyzed with value 11.69mg/100g dry matter when treated with T. grandis, followed by phosphorus with value 5.57mg/100g dry matter when treated with A. indica and the least was observed for zinc with value 2.50mg/100g dry matter when treated with justoxin respectively. There was significant increase in all the mineral elements analyzed from the lowest nut weight (smallest size) to the highest nut weight (highest size) with the preponderance of potassium (K). Red nut had the highest in all the mineral elements analyzed except for calcium and was highly significant. Oxalate had the highest value ranged between 1.78mg/100g dry matter to 3.09mg/100g dry matter, followed by trypsin inhibitor ranged between 1.33mg/100g dry matter to 2.06mg/100g dry matter and phytate the least ranged between 1.30mg/100g dry matter to 2.03mg/100g dry matter respectively. All the anti-nutrient analyzed was significantly different from each other at 5% level of probability. Significant difference were obtained for % crude protein, moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter ranged between 3.34 to 3.49 for crude protein, 88.17 to 88.79 for % moisture content, 5.52 to 5.70 for % organic carbon and 9.46 to 9.80 for % organic matter respectively. Result obtained for proximate of different weight showed increased values from the lowest nut weight to highest nut weight. These results reveal that these seeds/nuts contain appreciable amounts of nutrients especially carbohydrates and proteins with good caloric value and low levels of toxicants and should be included in human diets to supplement our daily allowance needed by the body.

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Kola in the History of West Africa.

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

Exploring the factors causing the poor performance of most irrigation schemes in post-independence sub-Saharan Africa

Exploring the factors causing the poor performance of most irrigation schemes in post-independence sub-Saharan Africa

Pharmacological Influences on the Neolithic Transition

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