“…The third listed journals that hijacked others, misleading authors by adopting the identities or names of legitimate journals. The last category, misleading metrics, included journals with falsified metrics [8]. Jeffrey Beall's criteria for listing journals on his site included repeated editors, unknown or absent editorial staff, lack of academic information about the editorial team, absence of an editorial board, suspicious publishing processes, a high number of journals, inadequate digital preservation, undisclosed article processing charges (APC), mismatch between journal names and scopes, false impact factors (IF), discrepancies between the journal name and its country of origin, appointment of unqualified reviewers, absence of plagiarism checks, false claims of indexing, self-plagiarism, indiscriminate acceptance of suggested reviewers, publication of essays without scrutiny, and undisclosed or fake office locations.…”