L'archétype rêvé du réfugié

Akoka, Karen

doi:10.3917/pld.090.0013

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…These three most mentioned terms share many collocates, so it is very likely that their meanings are equivalent in both corpora. This also highlights the usual distinction made between the 'genuine refugee' who deserves to be welcomed and the 'economic migrant' who is viewed as being a 'bogus refugee' (Akoka, 2011;Holmes and Castañeda, 2016).…”

Section: People Denominationsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Naming people on the move according to the political agenda: A study of Belgian media

Mistiaen

2021

Discourse & Communication

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The aim of this article is to study the different denominations used to name people on the move in the Belgian French- and Dutch-speaking press. The so-called ‘refugee crisis’ has received huge media attention in Europe. In Belgium, media landscape is divided amongst Dutch-, French- and much smaller German-speaking communities, all of which harbour different journalistic traditions. The country is then an excellent case study to observe the divergences between the linguistic repertoire of denominations referencing people in the two main linguistic communities. To explore this, an exhaustive corpus composed of press articles was collected between 2015 and 2017. The analysis combines Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics as they complement one another. At first, the repertoire of common nouns in each corpus seems similar, but differences lie in the frequency of denominations used to qualify people on the move and also in the collocations that construct their meaning. In both corpora, the word refugee is strongly collocated with status and administrative terms. One important finding lies in the difference in frequencies of the word migrant, which is used less often in the Dutch-speaking corpus than in the French-speaking one. This article also gives special attention to the terms transmigrant and newcomer.

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Section: People Denominationsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Naming people on the move according to the political agenda: A study of Belgian media

Mistiaen

2021

Discourse & Communication

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“…A shrinking protection regime, the product of restrictive transformations that, since the 1990s, have been reducing the spaces of asylum (Akoka 2011) within the national territory, in border landscapes and beyond national borders, into countries of origin and transit (Mountz 2010), seems to also be part of this categorisation of human beings according to the "colour bar" (Balibar 2002, p. 82). On national territory, multiple practices of deterrence and exclusion have been implemented within the asylum infrastructure to hinder social integration (Gibney and Hansen 2003) in what Hinger and Schweitzer call "disintegration policies" (Hinger and Schweitzer 2020).…”

Section: The Bordering Nature Of Asylum "Ghost Bureaucracy"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Governing Asylum without ‘‘Being There”: Ghost Bureaucracy, Outsourcing, and the Unreachability of the State

2023

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When, where, and how do asylum seekers encounter the state? Anyone seeking asylum in the Global North might meet state authorities of the country where they want to apply for international protection long before arriving at its borders. However, if the state often becomes “very present” by transcending its geopolitical margins in border control, once asylum seekers have managed to cross into national territory, the state frequently vanishes. Insufficient information, opaque proceedings, difficulties in reaching state agencies, which dramatically increased with the COVID pandemic, often translate into a denial of asylum seekers' rights and their exclusion from welfare programs . Moreover, following a widespread tendency to outsource public services, access to asylum and related welfare programmes are being increasingly mediated by a range of nonstate actors (such as NGOs, activist groups, companies, and individuals) acting as state agents. Drawing on the analysis of ethnographic results from Spain and Italy, this article proposes the concept of “ghost bureaucracy” to theorise the street-level bureaucrats from their absence and explore asylum seekers’ encounters with a seemingly powerful and omnipresent but unreachable state through closed offices, digital bureaucracy and third-party actors.

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“…Objectiver les critères d'attribution désubjectivise les demandeurs d'asile et essentialise leurs profils, notamment sur une base raciale et ethnique, en réduisant le réfugié à une représentation typifiée digne d'une « classe-objet » (Bourdieu, 1977). Ces représentations « archétypées » sont un reflet des conditions sociales dans lesquelles l'institution fonctionne (Akoka, 2011) et soulignent le pouvoir normatif que donne la DSR à l'organisation et à ses agents. Dans le cas étudié ici, la figure du réfugié réduit à des origines ethniques réifiées s'impose comme conséquence de la confrontation entre politique de standardisation et pouvoir discrétionnaire.…”

Section: Conclusion : La Standardisation Comme Réification Des Identitésunclassified

Le guichet du HCR, entre standardisation bureaucratique et ethos humanitaire

Brücker

2019

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Le Haut Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) est devenu ces dernières années un des acteurs les plus importants des procédures de détermination du statut de réfugié (DSR). Face à la recrudescence de cette action de catégorisation, l’organisation tente d’harmoniser les pratiques de ses agents dans ses 70 bureaux impliqués dans des activités de DSR. En dépit de ces manoeuvres de systématisation des procédures administratives, effectuées à partir de Genève en coopération avec les bureaux locaux, les pratiques de DSR, telles qu’observées depuis le bureau du HCR-Caire, se caractérisent par leur impossible standardisation. D’une part, les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux dans lesquels elles prennent place et au sein desquels les politiques des gouvernements des pays hôtes jouent un rôle conséquent, contraignent à amender les règles établies à Genève dans un sens politiquement conforme aux configurations locales. D’autre part, les agents d’éligibilité du HCR – théoriquement engagés dans une mission « humanitaire » mais astreints à un travail très administratif – jouent souvent de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire pour rendre leur travail de DSR plus conforme à leur engagement particulier. Ainsi, après avoir souligné les enjeux propres à l’ethnographie d’une pratique administrative au sein d’une bureaucratie transnationale, il s’agira de discuter des moyens utilisés par le HCR pour normaliser ses procédures administratives, dans la perspective d’améliorer à la fois l’efficacité et la rapidité du traitement des demandes d’asile. Ces tentatives de rationalisation seront enfin analysées à l’aune du pouvoir discrétionnaire inhérent au « guichet de l’asile », relatif aux enjeux globaux et locaux auxquels le HCR doit faire face simultanément, tout comme à l’engagement humanitaire de ses agents.

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L'archétype rêvé du réfugié

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Naming people on the move according to the political agenda: A study of Belgian media

Naming people on the move according to the political agenda: A study of Belgian media

Governing Asylum without ‘‘Being There”: Ghost Bureaucracy, Outsourcing, and the Unreachability of the State

Le guichet du HCR, entre standardisation bureaucratique et ethos humanitaire

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