La Higiene en el currículo escolar de la Educación Obligatoria española

Abstract

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido doble: determinar las competencias en Higiene que deben adquirir los jóvenes españoles en su paso por la educación obligatoria y analizar la contribución que hacen los distintos currículos oficiales publicados, al amparo de la Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE, 2006), en el BOE y en el DOCV en el desarrollo de las citadas competencias. Con esta finalidad, se ha elaborado un Instrumento de análisis que recoge nueve problemas de salud y las competencias a adquirir por el alumnado de la educación obligatoria para hacerles frente en el ámbito de la Higiene. Para su confección, se efectuó un estudio Delphi y una reunión presencial de expertos en Promoción de Salud y Educación. Con este Instrumento se ha comprobado si los currículos oficiales de la educación obligatoria publicados en el BOE y en el DOCV contribuyen adecuadamente a la adquisición de las competencias en Higiene. torsión en el aprendizaje introduciendo concepciones superadas por la comunidad científica.Palabras clave: Higiene, Competencias en Salud, Currículo, Educación para la Salud, Salud escolar. Abstract:The aim of this research has been to determine Hygiene competences that Spanish citizens must acquire in their compulsory step for the school and to make an approach to the competences in this topic that students can acquire through the possibilities provided in the Spanish official curricula. To achieve these objectives an analysis instrument has been defined. This instrument includes the nine main problems in Hygiene and the competences that students must acquire to face them. For this, a Delphi study and a meeting of experts in Health Promotion and Education have been carried out. Official curricula of Primary and Secondary Education, published in the Spanish Official Gazette (BOE) and the Official of the Autonomous Community of Valencia (DOCV), have been analyzed with the elaborated instrument in order to evaluate if they attend correctly to the Hygiene competences that students must acquire.

Differences in Hygiene Habits among Children Aged 8 to 11 Years by Type of Schooling

“…Moreover, these children are sometimes placed in a year that is too advanced for them or face a linguistic barrier in the classroom, hindering their acquisition of hygiene knowledge [ 17 ]. However, the difference between groups may also be due to knowledge that is not included in the syllabus, e.g., head lice, and we, therefore, support the findings of other authors who noted this lack in the Spanish school syllabus [ 1 ]. Children’s knowledge gaps could also be due to cultural reasons [ 18 ].…”

“…It is noteworthy that nearly all the participants are autonomous in teeth cleaning, possibly because the public sector has introduced numerous programs for child hygiene education, mainly in oral health [23], whereas they are more dependent for fingernail and toenail cutting. Because of this, even though we consider that the official compulsory education syllabus is adequate for the acquisition of hygiene skills [1], we agree with other authors [36] that more age-appropriate theory and practical sessions should be introduced, as constant repetition helps children to assimilate concepts and use age-appropriate techniques [3]. These measures will help children to gain knowledge and acquire general hygiene habits and should be implemented with interprofessional collaboration (teachers and health professionals).…”

“…However, authors such as Franco García (2017) consider that "the programs Children 2022, 9, 129 2 of 16 designed for the specific attention of immigrant students in the United States in their attempt to "attend" to their needs, exclude them" [10]. In the classroom, teachers reinforce hygiene habits using games, cards, or activities associated with hygiene [1,4,11,12] and address more serious health problems that can result from a lack of hygiene [13]. In some cases, health professionals also teach pupils how to prevent illness by ensuring adequate hygiene habits [2,14].…”

“…Hygiene (H) can be defined as the process by which a person cares for their health by cleaning and caring for their body [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. From the time a child is born, its parents are responsible for its hygiene, not only to ensure the newborn child feels good but also because it is understood as necessary for good health and to prevent infection [ 4 ].…”

“…However, children must acquire hygiene habits independently [ 3 , 5 ]. The people involved in the acquisition of these habits include not only parents and family members, who are responsible for teaching basic hygiene, but also health professionals and teachers [ 1 , 3 , 5 ]. In some cases, family members responsible for instructing a child about the importance of hygiene do not have adequate health knowledge, as many are from a rural context or different cultures and ethnic groups and lack proper instruction themselves or, in particular, have no clear strategy for explaining the importance of hygiene and ensuring it is correctly performed [ 6 ].…”