“…In the face-to-face laboratory, students interact with their peers, instructors, and equipment to carry out the assigned activities. By contrast, in the remote laboratory students only interact with the equipment in real time while conducting their experimental investigation (Lowe, Murray, Li, & Lindsay, 2012). Students are able to interact with other students and instructors but this is asynchronous and different to that in the face-to-face laboratory because it is generally mediated by internet-supported platforms (Machotka & Nedic, 2006;Teng, Considine, Nedic, & Nafalski, 2016;Zubía & Alves, 2011).…”