Land Cover Influences on LST in Two Proposed Smart Cities of India: Comparative Analysis Using Spectral Indices

Abstract

Elucidating the impact of Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important aspect of urban studies. The impact of urbanization on LST has been widely studied to monitor the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. However, the sensitivity of various urban factors such as urban green spaces (UGS), built-up area, and water bodies to LST is not sufficiently resolved for many urban settlements. By using remote sensing techniques, this study aimed to quantify the influence of urban factors on LST in the two traditional cities (i) Panaji and (ii) Tumkur of India, proposed to be developed as smart cities. Landsat data were used to extract thematic and statistical information about urban factors using the Enhanced Built-up and Bareness Index (EBBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). The multivariate regression model revealed that the value of adjusted R2 was 0.716 with a standard error of 1.97 for Tumkur city, while it was 0.698 with a standard error of 1.407 for Panaji city. The non-parametric correlation test brought out a strong negative correlation between MNDWI and LST with a value of 0.83 for Panaji, and between SAVI and LST with a value of 0.77 for Tumkur. The maximum percentage share of cooling surfaces are water bodies in Panaji with 35% coverage and green spaces in Tumkur with 25% coverage. Apparently, the UGS and water bodies can help in bringing down the LST, as well as facilitating healthy living conditions and aesthetic appeal. Therefore, the significance of ecosystem services (green spaces and water bodies) should be given priority in the decision-making process of sustainable and vibrant city development.

Tourism Effect on the Spatiotemporal Pattern of Land Surface Temperature (LST): Babolsar and Fereydonkenar Cities (Cases Study in Iran)

“…In the case investigated in this study (Babolsar and Fereydonkenar), tourism had a significant moderating effect on the LST in the tourism zones through developing green spaces that were constantly irrigated, and constructing on bare lands that were generally covered with sand. Although this study focused on the effects of the physical development of tourism instead of urban development, its results on the correlation between the land cover indices such as NDVI, MNDWI and EBBI with the LST are consistent with previous research [92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110].…”

“…This result shows that the LST has increased with increases in the area of built-up and bare lands, while increasing the area of vegetation and water bodies has reduced the LST in the study area. These particular results is in line with previous research showing the significant effect of vegetation on the LST [37,[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]. In this regard, Rahman et al [97], by modeling the spatial changes in the coastal lands and their effects on the LST characteristics, showed that physical changes due to urban development and built-up lands have a direct and significant effect on the LST, and this could pose a challenge for the residents of the studied areas in the future.…”

Global Open Data Remote Sensing Satellite Missions for Land Monitoring and Conservation: A Review

“…These data serve as a basis for the management of forests and agricultural crops, as well as for suitability analyses for the establishment of irrigation systems. Landsat 8 images also enable the monitoring of multiple factors affecting the urban vegetation, such as land surface temperature, urban green spaces and their proximity to water bodies and built-up area [93]. Moderate and high-resolution multispectral satellite missions are successfully used in weed detection, precise fertilization, and the determination of agricultural crop density in combination with observations using UAVs [47,94].…”

Evolution Analysis of the Coupling Coordination of Microclimate and Landscape Ecological Risk Degree in the Xiahuayuan District in Recent 20 Years

“…The land surface temperature (LST), an indicator of the typical regional climate, can better reflect the distribution of a regional microclimate. In recent years, scholars worldwide have determinedly explored the factors associated with land surface temperature (LST), such as Ramaiah et al [1], who explored the correlation between LST and the Enhanced Built-up and Bareness Index, Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Indexes, and found that both urban green spaces and water bodies could reduce LST. In another study, Hu et al [2] associated LST with three types of urban centers and explored the changing LST laws in the different urban center types.…”