Larvicidal Activity and Histopathological Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extract on Aedes aegypti from Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Averrhoa bilimbi has been long thought to have biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of primary and secondary metabolites from A. bilimbi fruit extract on Aedes aegypti larvae mortality and midgut histopathology. Experiment was performed to third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae collected from Surabaya, which then exposed to A. bilimbi crude fruit extract at various concentration for 24 hours. After exposure, larvae were evaluated of its mortality and fixed in 2.5% neutral buffer formalin before processed and sectioned into histological slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman rank correlation to determine histopathological damage on midgut of Ae. aegypti larvae. Phytochemical screening of A. bilimbi crude fruit extract found that it contained saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Minimum concentration able to induce mortality on Ae. aegypti larvae (LC50) was 977 ppm, while LC90 was at 1380 ppm. Severe alteration of larvae midgut was found after 24 hours exposure to 2000 ppm extract. Features of damage mostly found in larvae midgut were disruption of the microvilli, columnar cell vacuolization, epithelial nucleus crossed midgut lumen, and basal membrane damage. Damage caused by fruit extract in midgut of Ae. aegypti third instar larvae inhibited development of larvae. This study reported first finding of histopathological effect of A. bilimbi fruits extract on Ae. aegypti larvae midgut. Result of study was expected to contribute to better understand extract bioactivity of this plant to be applied as natural larvicide for Ae. aegypti.

Genome-Wide Association Study on Chinese Merino Sheep Alopecia

“…The toxicity effect of Epaltes divaricate hexane extract on the midgut caused severe damage to gut tissues such as the peritrophic matrix, the epithelial layer, and the brush border (Amala et al, 2021). Several reports stated that the primary target of phytometabolites is the midgut regions, which alters several functions, such as osmoregulation, nutrition absorption, ion transport, digestion (Rohmah et al, 2020;Sina and Shukri, 2016), metamorphosis (Procopio et al, 2015), and chemical defense (Terra, 2001). Although the hexane extract possessed larvicidal action against Cx, pipiens, the extract also showed higher toxicity to normal HUVEC cells.…”

Amethyst leaf extract as pest control and fertilizer for soybean plants

“…Saponin can reduce the surface tension of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract of larvae so that the walls of the digestive tract are (Francis et al 2001;Aisyafahmi and Wahyuni 2018;Rohmah et al 2020). This is because saponins interact with mucosal cells causing the muscles under the skin surface of the digestive tract to be damaged and paralyzed.…”

Histopathological Changes of Midgut Epithelial Cells of Aedes aegypti Larvae Exposed to Permot Leaf Extract (Passiflora foetida)

“…Secara kuantitatif, perubahan histopatologis midgut dipengaruhi oleh spesies tumbuhan, bagian tumbuhan yang digunakan, konsentrasi bahan uji dan lama perlakuan (Sharma et al Selain itu, sel epitel midgut menjadi tidak teratur dengan inti yang keluar ke arah lumen disertai dengan vakuolisasi pada sitoplasmanya. Seperti yang didapatkan pada penelitian Rohmah et al (2020) yang menggunakan paparan ekstrak buah Averrhoa bilimbi dan Ustiawaty & Zacharia (2018) yang menggunakan ekstrak etanol daun mangrove. Perubahan sel epitel midgut yang terjadi disebabkan terutama oleh kandungan saponin pada ekstrak buah Averrhoa bilimbi (Rohmah et al, 2020).…”

“…Seperti yang didapatkan pada penelitian Rohmah et al (2020) yang menggunakan paparan ekstrak buah Averrhoa bilimbi dan Ustiawaty & Zacharia (2018) yang menggunakan ekstrak etanol daun mangrove. Perubahan sel epitel midgut yang terjadi disebabkan terutama oleh kandungan saponin pada ekstrak buah Averrhoa bilimbi (Rohmah et al, 2020). Vakuolisasi sitoplasma sel epitel midgut juga didapatkan pada percobaan penelitian Thanigaivel et al (2017), kerusakan diduga diakibatkan oleh komponen alkaloid dari ekstrak daun Justicia adhatoda.…”