Laser Diode-Pumped Organic Semiconductor Lasers Utilizing Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Resonators

Karnutsch, Christian; Stroisch, M.; Punke, M.; Lemmer, Uli; Wang, Jing; Weimann, Thomas

doi:10.1109/lpt.2007.895894

Cited by 51 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In 1994, Dowling et al proposed a one-dimensional (1D) PC operating near the photonic band edge [2], making use of slow-light modes to increase the power emitted by such lasers, which has been one of the limitations of microcavity lasers [3]. Experimentally, slow-light band edge lasers have now been demonstrated in both two-dimensional (2D) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and three-dimensional (3D) [13][14][15] architectures, while over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the optimization of these lasers [15][16][17][18], allowing for the investigation of new operation regimes such as single emitter lasing [19], ultrahigh speed modulation [20], and self-pulsing [21]. To directly model the optical properties of open-system microcavity structures, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) techniques are often employed since such open cavities support quasinormal modes (QNMs) that have a finite lifetime due their coupling to a continuum of modes with outgoing boundary conditions [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch model of quantum-dot photonic-crystal-cavity lasers

2017

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We present a powerful computational approach to simulate the threshold behavior of photonic-crystal quantum-dot (QD) lasers. Using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique, Maxwell-Bloch equations representing a system of thousands of statistically independent and randomly positioned two-level emitters are solved numerically. Phenomenological pure dephasing and incoherent pumping is added to the optical Bloch equations to allow for a dynamical lasing regime, but the cavity-mediated radiative dynamics and gain coupling of each QD dipole (artificial atom) is contained self-consistently within the model. These Maxwell-Bloch equations are implemented by using Lumerical's flexible material plug-in tool, which allows a user to define additional equations of motion for the nonlinear polarization. We implement the gain ensemble within triangular-lattice photonic-crystal cavities of various length N (where N refers to the number of missing holes), and investigate the cavity mode characteristics and the threshold regime as a function of cavity length. We develop effective two-dimensional model simulations which are derived after studying the full three-dimensional passive material structures by matching the cavity quality factors and resonance properties. We also demonstrate how to obtain the correct point-dipole radiative decay rate from Fermi's golden rule, which is captured naturally by the FDTD method. Our numerical simulations predict that the pump threshold plateaus around cavity lengths greater than N = 9, which we identify as a consequence of the complex spatial dynamics and gain coupling from the inhomogeneous QD ensemble. This behavior is not expected from simple rate-equation analysis commonly adopted in the literature, but is in qualitative agreement with recent experiments. Single-mode to multimode lasing is also observed, depending on the spectral peak frequency of the QD ensemble. Using a statistical modal analysis of the average decay rates, we also show how the average radiative decay rate decreases as a function of cavity size. In addition, we investigate the role of structural disorder on both the passive cavity and active lasers, where the latter show a general increase in the pump threshold for cavity lengths greater than N = 7, and a reduction in the nominal cavity mode volume for increasing amounts of disorder.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch model of quantum-dot photonic-crystal-cavity lasers

2017

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“…Laser devices with emission within the whole visible spectrum can be realized. Further advantages are efficient energy conversion which allows optical pumping with laser diodes [3][4][5][6][7] or light emitting diodes [8,9] and simplicity of fabrication. Low threshold laser devices with single longitudinal mode emission can be realized using distributed feedback (DFB) structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pump spot size dependent lasing threshold in organic semiconductor DFB lasers fabricated via nanograting transfer

Liu¹,

Klinkhammer²,

Wang³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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Optically excited organic semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) lasers enable efficient lasing in the visible spectrum. Here, we report on the rapid and parallel fabrication of DFB lasers via transferring a nanograting structure from a flexible mold onto an unstructured film of the organic gain material. This geometrically well-defined structure allows for a systematic investigation of the laser threshold behavior. The laser thresholds for these devices show a strong dependence on the pump spot diameter. This experimental finding is in good qualitative agreement with calculations based on coupled-wave theory. With further investigations on various DFB laser geometries prepared by different routes and based on different organic gain materials, we found that these findings are quite general. This is important for the comparison of threshold values of various devices characterized under different excitation areas. Weimann, J. Wang, and P. Hinze, "Laser threshold reduction in an all-spiro guest-host system," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(10), 1659-1661 (2004). 14. X. Liu, S. Klinkhammer, K. Sudau, N. Mechau, C. Vannahme, J. Kaschke, T. Mappes, M. Wegener, and U.Lemmer, "Ink-jet-printed organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser," Appl. Phys. Express 5(7), 072101

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“…The broad spectral gain of active organic semiconductor materials enables the realization of laser devices with emission within the whole visible spectrum by using only a few active materials. Further advantages are efficient energy conversion which allows optical pumping with laser diodes [3][4][5][6] or light emitting diodes [7] and the simplicity of fabrication. Especially lasers relying on distributed feedback (DFB) exhibit low thresholds and single longitudinal mode emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuously tunable solution-processed organic semiconductor DFB lasers pumped by laser diode

Klinkhammer¹,

Liu²,

Huska³

et al. 2012

Opt. Express

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Abstract:The fabrication and characterization of continuously tunable, solution-processed distributed feedback (DFB) lasers in the visible regime is reported. Continuous thin film thickness gradients were achieved by means of horizontal dipping of several conjugated polymer and blended small molecule solutions on cm-scale surface gratings of different periods. We report optically pumped continuously tunable laser emission of 13 nm in the blue, 16 nm in the green and 19 nm in the red spectral region on a single chip respectively. Tuning behavior can be described with the Bragg-equation and the measured thickness profile. The laser threshold is low enough that inexpensive laser diodes can be used as pump sources. Weimann, J. Wang, and P. Hinze, "Laser threshold reduction in an all-spiro guest-host system," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(10), 1659-1661 (2004

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Laser Diode-Pumped Organic Semiconductor Lasers Utilizing Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Resonators

Cited by 51 publications

References 12 publications

Self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch model of quantum-dot photonic-crystal-cavity lasers

Self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch model of quantum-dot photonic-crystal-cavity lasers

Pump spot size dependent lasing threshold in organic semiconductor DFB lasers fabricated via nanograting transfer

Continuously tunable solution-processed organic semiconductor DFB lasers pumped by laser diode

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