Laser‐induced Graphene in Facts, Numbers, and Notes in View of Electroanalytical Applications: A Review

Muzyka, Kateryna; Xu, Guobao

doi:10.1002/elan.202100425

Cited by 48 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(171 reference statements)

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“…Low peak potential separations were achieved, below 200 mV for all the tested scan rates, showing very good electron transfer capabilities of the electrode surface. Applying the Nicholson method , for the determination of the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate constant k 0 (Figure S6), an estimated value of 1.03 × 10 –2 cm·s –1 (23.9% RSD, n = 5) was reached, which improves on previous reports from paper-based LIG electrochemical sensors , and is of the same order of magnitude for LIG synthesized on polymeric substrates . Another important aspect analyzed using the Randles–Sevcik equation was the electrochemical surface area (Figure S6), which reached a value of 13.7 mm 2 (16.9% RSD), an increase compared to the 8 mm 2 geometric area of the WE.…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Applying the Nicholson method 47 , 48 for the determination of the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate constant k 0 ( Figure S6 ), an estimated value of 1.03 × 10 –2 cm·s –1 (23.9% RSD, n = 5) was reached, which improves on previous reports from paper-based LIG electrochemical sensors 49 , 50 and is of the same order of magnitude for LIG synthesized on polymeric substrates. 51 Another important aspect analyzed using the Randles–Sevcik equation was the electrochemical surface area ( Figure S6 ), which reached a value of 13.7 mm 2 (16.9% RSD), an increase compared to the 8 mm 2 geometric area of the WE. This indicates that even with the difference in surface chemistry of transferred LIG patterns previously studied, the surface morphology and chemistry allow for an efficient filling of the porous structure by aqueous electrolytes and diffusion of redox species, for effective electron transfer.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Peel-Off Transfer of Electronically Enhanced, Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene for Wearable Electronics

et al. 2022

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Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained preponderance in recent years, as a very attractive material for the fabrication and patterning of graphitic structures and electrodes, for multiple applications in electronics. Typically, polymeric substrates, such as polyimide, have been used as precursor materials, but other organic, more sustainable, and accessible precursor materials have emerged as viable alternatives, including cellulose substrates. However, these substrates have lacked the conductive and chemical properties achieved by conventional LIG precursor substrates and have not been translated into fully flexible, wearable scenarios. In this work, we expand the conductive properties of paper-based LIG, by boosting the graphitization potential of paper, through the introduction of external aromatic moieties and meticulous control of laser fluence. Colored wax printing over the paper substrates introduces aromatic chemical structures, allowing for the synthesis of LIG chemical structures with sheet resistances as low as 5 Ω·sq–1, translating to an apparent conductivity as high as 28.2 S·cm–1. Regarding chemical properties, I D/I G ratios of 0.28 showcase low defect densities of LIG chemical structures and improve on previous reports on paper-based LIG, where sheet resistance has been limited to values around 30 Ω·sq–1, with more defect dense and less crystalline chemical structures. With these improved properties, a simple transfer methodology was developed, based on a water-induced peel-off process that efficiently separates patterned LIG structures from the native paper substrates to conformable, flexible substrates, harnessing the multifunctional capabilities of LIG toward multiple applications in wearable electronics. Proof-of concept electrodes for electrochemical sensors, strain sensors, and in-plane microsupercapacitors were patterned, transferred, and characterized, using paper as a high-value LIG precursor for multiples scenarios in wearable technologies, for improved sustainability and accessibility of such applications.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Peel-Off Transfer of Electronically Enhanced, Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene for Wearable Electronics

et al. 2022

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“…The electrode deposited at 1.0 V has the lowest features and subsequently the lowest surface activity among the electrodes. The electrode deposited at 5.0 V has the highest particle growth, but the highest agglomeration in it has a possibly negative effect and further results in the increase of the redox potentials in comparison to that of the electrodes deposited at 3.0 and 4.0 V. Moreover, the Randles–Sevcik equation shows that the peak current value of the CV curve is in direct proportion with the effective active surface area of the electrode, and if all other parameters are kept constant, the peak current value will only be governed by the electrode’s effective active surface area . Here, Figure clearly shows that the electrode fabricated at 3.0 V has a maximum peak current value and consequently the highest electrochemical activity and is hence used for H 2 O 2 sensing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-Printed Nanoscale-Thick Silver Thin Films for Electrochemical Sensing

Singh

Siddiqui

Goswami

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Nanoscale-thick silver thin films (Ag-NTF) on indium tin oxide-coated glasses are fabricated at different deposition potentials (1.0−5.0 V) using an electrochemical threedimensional (3D) printing process. The printing process is carried out using a nozzle with a diameter of 0.25 mm and a printing speed of 1.0 mm s −1 . The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that the mean crystallite size of Ag is 17 nm. The optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) data revealed the uniform NTF nature of the Ag-NTF electrode. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data showed that Ag-NTF electrode particles have a spherical shape with an average size of 21 nm. Furthermore, electrochemical surface activity study showed that samples deposited at 3.0 V have the best electrochemical activity, and hence, the same are used to develop hydrogen peroxide sensors. The sensing measurements are done using a 0.1 M phosphate buffer saline (PBS) electrolyte. The sensitivity of the Ag-NTF comes out to be 25 ± 1 μA mM −1 cm −2 with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 1.0 μM. The selectivity of the electrode is tested using various interfering chemicals. The developed sensors showed excellent selectivity toward H 2 O 2 . Finally, the applicability of the Ag-NTF electrodes toward real-life samples is shown using bovine albumin serum (BSA) and rainwater. For the first time, this study has demonstrated the use of an electrochemical 3D printing process to fabricate electrodes for H 2 O 2 sensing. The inherent nature of the process has the capability to eliminate the conventional tedious route to make such electrodes and to provide a one-step and efficient solution.

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“… 43 However, there is no reliable explanation for the different surface values estimated from the electroactive area and nitrogen adsorption. 44 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene

et al. 2022

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The scientific community has shown increasing interest in laser scribing for the direct fabrication of conductive graphene-based tracks on different substrates. This can enable novel routes for the noninvasive analysis of biofluids (such as sweat or other noninvasive matrices), whose results can provide the rapid evaluation of a person's health status. Here, we present a wearable sensing platform based on laser induced graphene (LIG) porous electrodes scribed on a flexible polyimide sheet, which samples sweat through a paper sampler. The device is fully laser manufactured and features a two layer design with LIG-based vertical interconnect accesses. A detailed characterization of the LIG electrodes including pore size, surface groups, surface area in comparison to electroactive surface area, and the reduction behavior of different LIG types was performed. The bare LIG electrodes can detect the electrochemical oxidation of both uric acid and tyrosine. Further modification of the surface of the LIG working electrode with an indoaniline derivative [4-((4-aminophenyl)imino)-2,6-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one] enables the voltammetric measurement of pH with an almost ideal sensitivity and without interference from other analytes. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the concentrations of ions through the analysis of the sweat impedance. The device was successfully tested in a real case scenario, worn on the skin during a sports session. In vitro tests proved the non-cytotoxic effect of the device on the A549 cell line.

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Laser‐induced Graphene in Facts, Numbers, and Notes in View of Electroanalytical Applications: A Review

Cited by 48 publications

References 85 publications

Water Peel-Off Transfer of Electronically Enhanced, Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene for Wearable Electronics

Water Peel-Off Transfer of Electronically Enhanced, Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene for Wearable Electronics

3D-Printed Nanoscale-Thick Silver Thin Films for Electrochemical Sensing

Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene

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