Laser-written photonic crystal optofluidics for electrochromatography and spectroscopy on a chip

Haque, Moez; Zacharia, Nicole S.; Ho, Stephen; Herman, Peter R.

doi:10.1364/boe.4.001472

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Haque et al. applied the ULI fabrication process to develop a lab‐on‐a‐chip application featuring integrated optical waveguides, microfluidic channels and porous 3D photonic crystrals (PC), capable of performing simultaneous chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. The device enabled the efficient chromatographic separation and filtering of analytes through a porous photonic crystal structure embedded within an etched microfluidic channel.…”

Section: Selective Etchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrafast laser inscription: perspectives on future integrated applications

Choudhury

MacDonald

Kar

2014

Laser & Photonics Reviews

171

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This paper reviews the recent advancements achieved using ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) that highlight the cross-disciplinary potential of the technology. An overview of waveguide fabrication is provided and the three distinct types of waveguide cross-section architectures that have so far been fabricated in transparent dielectric materials are discussed. The paper focuses on two key emergent technologies driven by ULI processes. First, the recently developed photonic devices, such as compact mode-locked waveguide sources and novel midinfrared waveguide lasers are discussed. Secondly, the phenomenon and applications of selective etching in developing ultrafast laser inscribed structures for compact lab-on-chip devices are elaborated. The review further discusses the conceivable future of ULI in impacting the aforementioned fields.

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Section: Selective Etchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selective Etchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast laser inscription: perspectives on future integrated applications

Choudhury

MacDonald

Kar

2014

Laser & Photonics Reviews

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Compared to conventional free‐space optics, they are compact, scalable, stable to environment, and possess low power consumption. A vast spectrum of progress has been facilitated, including communication, information processing, detection, sensing, and so on. Specifically, to process polarization‐encoded information in PICs, controlling of the polarization states is necessary, which requires the combinations of polarization isolator, polarization rotator, polarizer retarder, and so on .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐Chip Polarization Rotators

Hou

Xiong

Cao

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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detection, [9,10] sensing, [11][12][13][14] and so on. Specifically, to process polarization-encoded information in PICs, controlling of the polarization states is necessary, which requires the combinations of polarization isolator, polarization rotator, polarizer retarder, and so on. [15][16][17][18] In free space, there are already many examples of implementing polarization manipulation. [19][20][21] Recently, metamaterials also allow polarization conversion with near-perfect conversion efficiency. [22,23] However, we focus on the on-chip polarization conversion using integrated waveguides. So far, the methods for manipulating the polarization states of photons in PICs can be roughly classified into three categories: I) The most common one is to make the waveguide cross-section asymmetric, so that the horizontal and vertical polarization modes are no longer orthogonal and interfere with each other. [24,25] This type of devices requires high accuracy in fabrication and is usually sensitive to wavelength. II) The second one is based on the mode evolution, where the polarization of the photon changes as the waveguide geometry is slowly engineered. Since the waveguide cross sections usually vary in the vertical direction, this type of devices is difficult to fabricate with the top-down process. [26,27] III) The third type relies on surface plasmon polaritons, which are excited selectively by perpendicular polarization of photons. [28,29] In 2015, Zhu's group has demonstrated a plasmonic polarization generator that can reconfigure an input polarization to all types of polarization states simultaneously. [8] Although these plasmonic devices can be made very small (several micrometers), their performance is severely encumbered by the absorption of the metal.For type-II polarization rotators, they have a lot of advantages. For example, their broad bandwidth benefits the operations involving pulsed lasers. And unlike the type-I ones, their requirement on fabrication accuracy is relaxed due to the nature of adiabatic mode evolution. [30,31] Although the top-down lithography techniques are restricted in their fabrication, people have developed many other techniques that can deal with 3D nanostructures, such as self-assembly and 3D printing. [32,33] Femtosecond direct laser writing (fs-DLW) is also one of them, which uses tightly focused ultrashort (fs scale) pulsed laser and changes the optical properties of materials via nonlinear multiphoton absorption. [34] Depending on the different materials and the applied laser power, the material properties may change because of polymerization, reduction, bond cleavage, phase change, and ablation. [35][36][37][38] Due to the small multiphoton absorption cross section and the short On-chip polarization manipulation is proposed via a waveguide that is adiabatically twisted along its longitudinal axis, which can be fundamental building blocks for polarization-encoded optical communication and information processing. With the help of femtosecond direct laser writing, the polarization ...

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“…The well‐known Fabry Perot interferometer (FPI) is one such sensor that relies on two surface reflections to generate high resolution spectral resonances that shift in response to refractive index, pressure, strain, temperature, and magnetic field changes from within a simple, stable, and compact structure . FPIs are widely applied as optical wavemeters , laser resonators , absorption spectrometers , gravitational wave detectors , integrated lab on chip (LOC) systems , multiplexers in telecom sensing networks , and rapidly responding optofluidic sensors .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we build on femtosecond laser irradiation in combination with selective chemical etching (FLICE) to assemble short open‐cavity FPIs with laser‐formed waveguides in bulk glass. The FLICE technique has been attractive for direct writing of three‐dimensional (3D) optofluidic systems and narrow resonators (<10

μ

m) in bulk fused silica glass and telecom optical fiber , yielding near‐optical smooth surfaces (∼10 nm rms) when bulk nanogratings are formed within laser‐modification tracks that are susceptible to hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) etching. The combination of 3D FLICE with femtosecond laser‐formed waveguides has provided a novel means for 3D integration of optical and microfluidic components that underpin new directions in forming integrated optofluidic microsystems .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical‐assisted femtosecond laser writing of optical resonator arrays

Haque

Herman

2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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The design of micro‐optical resonator arrays are introduced and tailored towards refractive index sensing applications, building on the previously unexplored benefits of open dielectric stacks. The resonant coupling of identical hollow cavities present strong and narrow spectral resonance bands beyond that available with a single Fabry Perot interferometer. Femtosecond laser irradiation with selective chemical etching is applied to precisely fabricate stacked and waveguide‐coupled open resonators into fused silica, taking advantage of small 12 nm rms surface roughness made available by the self‐alignment of nanograting planes. Refractive index sensing of methanol‐water solutions confirm a very attractive sensing resolution of 6.5 × 10−5 RIU. Such high finesse optical elements open a new realm of optofluidic sensing and integrated optical circuit concepts for detecting minute changes in sample properties against a control solution that may find importance in chemical and biological sensors, telecom sensing networks, biomedical probes, and low‐cost health care products.

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Laser-written photonic crystal optofluidics for electrochromatography and spectroscopy on a chip

Cited by 12 publications

References 58 publications

Ultrafast laser inscription: perspectives on future integrated applications

Ultrafast laser inscription: perspectives on future integrated applications

On‐Chip Polarization Rotators

Chemical‐assisted femtosecond laser writing of optical resonator arrays

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