“…This testing pattern is typical of lateralization research with rats (Denenberg, 1988), bobwhite quail chicks (Casey & Lickliter, 1998), monkeys (Warren, 1977), and other avian and mammalian species (see Glick & Shapiro, 1985 for review). Individual turning bias and footedness indices were derived with a formula similar to ones used by Castellano, Diaz-Palarea, Rodriguez, and Barroso (1987), Corballis (1991), Denenberg (1981), Facchin et al (1999), Porac and Coren (1977), Sherman, Garbanati, Rosen, Yutzey, and Denenberg (1980), Vallortigara et al (1999), Waters and Denenberg (1991), among others. The formula produces a quantitative index for the direction of side preference or laterality: (R À L)/(R þ L) Â 100.…”