Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 2: Leaching and desulphurisation of PbSO4 by citric acid and sodium citrate solution

Sonmez, M. Seref; Kumar, R. Vasant

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.04.019

Cited by 106 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This may be related to the fact that this relatively large temperature variation between 35 and 95 °C can possibly lead to a difference in the coordination number of the crystal water. Furthermore, because there is no data on lead citrate in the existing powder diffraction file (PDF), the products could only be compared with Pb3(C6H5O7)2·3H2O from the documented paper, and these products were all found to match this very well [13]. Thus, neither temperature nor CA/SC molar ratio would make a difference on the composition of lead citrate, with the chemical formula of final lead citrate being Pb3(C6H5O7)2.…”

Section: Comparison Test On the Characterization Of Lead Citratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, investigators focused on single hydro-metallurgical methods to recover lead from spent lead paste, especially concentrating on the desulfurization of PbSO 4 using reagents such as Na 2 CO 3 , NaCl, and NaOH [7][8][9]. Kumar et al [10][11][12][13] had developed a novel paste for the recycling method. In this process, the spent Minerals 2017, 7, 93 2 of 10 lead paste was treated with citric acid and sodium citrate in aqueous solutions to generate a lead citrate precursor via leaching and crystallization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the procedures of leaching and crystallization are still not well understood. In particular, when treating the actual spent lead paste, there is the problem of a high cost, mainly originating from excess reagent consumption [13]. In order to yield lead citrate with a satisfactory recovery and expense, a thorough understanding of the leaching and crystallization processes would be essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

Cong

et al. 2017

Minerals

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Lead citrate is a key precursor for the green recycling of spent lead acid battery paste in a citric acid/sodium citrate (CA/SC) solution. In this study, the main paste component, PbSO 4 , was leached and crystallized to yield lead citrate. Results showed that the leaching of PbSO 4 in citric acid/sodium citrate solution was remarkably enhanced by an increase in temperature from 35 • C to 95 • C and an increase in sodium citrate (SC) concentration from 50 to 650 g/L. In comparison, increasing the citric acid/sodium citrate molar ratio inhibited this leaching. Controlled crystallization through cooling the solution or adjusting the pH of the solution can effectively produce lead citrate crystals. The X-ray diffraction patterns of four products obtained in a comparison test were all consistent with Pb 3 (C 6 H 5 O 7 ) 2 . However, the scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested that the morphology was distinct from rods to sheets, which were mainly affected by the temperature variation.

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Section: Comparison Test On the Characterization Of Lead Citratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

Cong

et al. 2017

Minerals

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“…When used citric acid-sodium citrate (C6H8O7·H2O-Na3C6H5O7·H2O) as desulfurization agent [18][19][20][21][22], lead sulfate (PbSO4) will be translated into lead citrate (Pb3 (C6H5O7)2·H2O) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Pb3 (C6H5O7)2·H2O should be translated into lead oxide (PbO) after calcinations at 300-400 ºC; Na2SO4 should be recycled after evaporative crystallization as chemical product.…”

Section: Citric Acid-sodium Citrate As Desulfurization Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of Desulphurization Methods for Scrap Lead Paste

Cheng

Zhang²,

Hu³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research

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“…The most common process in desulphurization of battery paste includes the application of caustic soda (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) solutions. [1] [5]- [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

Navarro-Monge¹,

Esquivel‐Hernández²,

Brenes³

et al. 2017

OJAP

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This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different leadbearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO 2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO 2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO 2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

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Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 2: Leaching and desulphurisation of PbSO4 by citric acid and sodium citrate solution

Cited by 106 publications

References 13 publications

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

Research Progress of Desulphurization Methods for Scrap Lead Paste

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

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