Lead dioxide anodes in the large scale production of potassium chlorate from potassium chloride

Udupa, H. V. K.; Sampath, S. R.; Narasimham, K.C.; Nagalingam, M.; Thiagarajan, N.; Subramanian, G.; Subbiah, P.; Palanisamy, R.; Peter, S. John; Pushpavanam, S.; Sadagopalan, M.

doi:10.1002/jctb.5020240105

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…[62][63][64][65][66][67] Typical conditions are an electrolyte consisting of 250 g litre À1 of the chlorate, pH 7, at a temperature of B330 K, a PbO 2 anode and a steel cathode and a current density of 50 mA cm À2 . The current efficiency is >80% with an energy consumption of 6.0-6.5 kWh kg À1 of the perchlorate.…”

Section: The Manufacture Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clearly, this is unrealistic for any practical application. Titanium is the usual substrate for applications although an Indian group have promoted graphite [62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] and some papers have suggested tantalum 71 and ebonex. [72][73][74] Adhesion of the PbO 2 coating to titanium is, however, a problem.…”

Section: Deposition Of Lead Dioxide Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past 50 years, perchlorates have been manufactured by the anodic oxidation of the corresponding chlorate and plants in the USA, Japan, Europe and India have used PbO 2 coated graphite or titanium anodes; 8,12,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][162][163][164] the most detailed discussion of process conditions come from the Indian group led by Udupa. [62][63][64][65][66][67] Typical conditions are an electrolyte consisting of 250 g litre À1 of the chlorate, pH 7, at a temperature of B330 K, a PbO 2 anode and a steel cathode and a current density of 50 mA cm À2 . The current efficiency is >80% with an energy consumption of 6.0-6.5 kWh kg À1 of the perchlorate.…”

Section: The Manufacture Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

2011

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Lead dioxide coatings on inert substrates such as titanium and carbon now offer new opportunities for a material known for 150 years. It is now recognised that electrodeposition allows the preparation of stable coatings with different phase structures and a wide range of surface morphologies. In addition, substantial modification to the physical properties and catalytic activities of the coatings are possible through doping and the fabrication of nanostructured deposits or composites. In addition to applications as a cheap anode material in electrochemical technology, lead dioxide coatings provide unique possibilities for probing the dependence of catalytic activity on layer composition and structure (critical review, 256 references).

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Section: The Manufacture Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deposition Of Lead Dioxide Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Manufacture Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

2011

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“…The current efficiency for the formation of KBrO 3 increases from 92% to 97% for the increase in temperature from 313 K to 333 K. This increase in current efficiency at higher temperatures is attributed to an increase in the rate of chemical conversion of the active bromine to bromate . In the chlorate process, the cathodic reduction of intermediately formed hypochlorite ions is prevented by means of the addition of chromates to the electrolyte. , While Tilak 19 found that the reduction of hypochlorite and chlorate was completely suppressed on a stainless steel cathode and avoided the current efficiency loss. Hence, in the present instance also, the stainless steel cathode has been used for all experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies Relating to Electrolytic Preparation of Potassium Bromate

Vasudevan¹

2008

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The electrochemical preparation of potassium bromate (KBrO3) from potassium bromide (KBr), using a noble-metal oxide coated titanium anode and a stainless steel cathode, is described. The effect of different anode materials, anode current density, pH, and temperature of the electrolyte on the current efficiency for the preparation of KBrO3 was studied. A maximum current efficiency of 97% was achieved when 240 g/L of bromide (pH 6.0) is electrolyzed at an anode and cathode current density of 20.0 A/dm2 and a temperature of 333 K.

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“…Sodium fluoride is added to lead dioxide anode cells to improve current efficiency [1]. According to the literature, lead dioxide anode in graphite substrate [7], platinum [5], lead dioxide [8] and Pt/Ti [9] electrodes have been used for direct oxidation of chlorate to perchlorate. As well, the kinetics, and mechanism of the reaction on these electrodes have been studied.…”

Section: ( )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrosynthesis of perchlorate using neodymium-doped PbO ₂ electrode: application of experimental design methodology for optimization of the effective parameters

Cheraghveisi¹,

Maddah²,

Najafi³

2022

Mater. Res. Express

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Today, electrochemical methods and their applications in human life, combating environmental pollution, synthesis and energy have been taken scientists' attention. Meanwhile, the preparation of various compounds and products using electrochemical methods has received more attention due to various advantages such as ease and low cost. Here, we used an electrochemical method to prepare perchlorate. Perchlorate salts are extensively used in rocket fuel, spacecraft, submarines, airbags, fireworks, and fertilizers. Since the anode potential for perchlorate oxidation is near that for water oxidation, conventional electrodes can't be used in the perchlorate electrosynthesis. The modified PbO2 electrodes by neodymium with a wide potential window can be used for this purpose. We prepared these electrodes and they were first evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectrometer (EIS). The results showed that the potential of water oxidation on the modified PbO2 electrodes by neodymium was 2 V. To achieve high production yield in the preparation of perchlorate from chlorate, various parameters including pH, time, and current density were optimized by the Box-Behnken design of the experiment method. The optimal values for this process were obtained at pH = 11, temperature 40C and current density of 0.5 mA/cm2. The results at the optimal condition showed that the perchlorate production yield by modified PbO2 electrodes was 80% in the 300 min. This value was only 60% for the unmodified PbO2 electrode.

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Lead dioxide anodes in the large scale production of potassium chlorate from potassium chloride

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Studies Relating to Electrolytic Preparation of Potassium Bromate

Electrosynthesis of perchlorate using neodymium-doped PbO ₂ electrode: application of experimental design methodology for optimization of the effective parameters

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Lead dioxide anodes in the large scale production of potassium chlorate from potassium chloride

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Studies Relating to Electrolytic Preparation of Potassium Bromate

Electrosynthesis of perchlorate using neodymium-doped PbO 2 electrode: application of experimental design methodology for optimization of the effective parameters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Electrosynthesis of perchlorate using neodymium-doped PbO ₂ electrode: application of experimental design methodology for optimization of the effective parameters