“…The accountability programs of the 1980s and 1990s in Canada and the United States neglected to evaluate student learning because at that time, excellence in learning was considered implicit in higher education (Inman, 2009; Wieman, 2014). More recently, student learning has become an explicitly stated component of the mission of most institutions of higher education in Canada and the United States (Ewell, 2008; Kirby, 2007; Maher, 2004; Shushok, Henry, Blalock, & Sriram, 2009); thus student learning has also become an essential component of the evaluation of institutional effectiveness and accountability in higher education (Chatman, 2007; Douglass, Thomson, & Zhao, 2012; Erisman, 2009). The onus is now on institutions to articulate the effective educational practices they use to promote student success that can be attributed to the quality of the learning environment (Astin, 2005; Keeling, Wall, Underhile, & Dungy, 2008; Kuh, 2009; Porter, 2006; Tinto, 2010).…”