Learning by Exclusion in Toddlers

Abstract

Children of different ages respond by exclusion in trials of auditory-visual conditional discriminations. However, the learning of these relations can depend on a variety of factors, such as age, vocabulary size and amount of exposure to the emerging relation. The present study assessed learning by exclusion in children aged between 16 and 24 months, using learning probes with and without mask that required either selection or rejection topographies. Familiar word-object conditional discriminations were taught to compose the baseline. Exclusion, learning, and control probes were used to test emergence, learning, and control by novelty in name-referent relations. Participants responded by exclusion but did not demonstrate consistent learning across all probes. Best performance occurred in learning probes that required control by selection. In the rejection probes, the participants consistently selected the novel stimulus. These results suggest that the type of probe used influences observed performance.

Discrimination Probes for Evaluating Learning of Emergent Name-Object Relations by Exclusion

“…Similarly, seven of the eight errors in the learning 4 probes were choices of Undefi ned 3 or Undefi ned 4. Similar results were observed in other studies with children of the same age (e.g., Ribeiro de Souza et al, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2016) and corroborated the evidence that control by novelty exerts infl uence on the patterns of choice of children in analogous tasks (Horst et al, 2011).…”

“…when the sample is presented again, the subject may choose a different stimulus, in its presence). Especially in relation to learning of words or of auditory-visual relationship (e.g., name-object or name-fi gure), recent studies with small children (aged 18 to 36 months) have indicated that a single exposure to exclusion trials is rarely suffi cient for the participants to learn the new relation (Domeniconi, Costa, de Souza, & de Rose, 2007;Horst & Samuelson, 2008;Ribeiro de Souza, Gil, & Garcia, 2018;Ribeiro de Souza, Minto de Sousa, & Gil, 2016;Schmidt, Franco, Lotério, & Gomes, 2016).…”

“…Some factors would be related to the characteristics of the participants, such as age, or size of vocabulary; others refer to aspects of the procedure -for example the number of exclusion trials, or the type of activity (Bion, Borovsky, & Fernald, 2013;Horst & Samuelson, 2008;Langsdorff, Schmidt, & Domeniconi, 2015;Schmidt et al, 2016). However, some results suggest that the performance of younger children could be related to certain characteristics of the arrangements of comparison stimuli in the traditional learning probes (Ribeiro de Souza et al, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2016), such as, for example, control by rejection.…”

Behavioral cusp e o responder por exclusão

“…Anotamos, para um leitor talvez interessado, que avaliamos número de tentativas por sessão, duração de sessão, tamanho dos estímulos, tipos de aparato, valor reforçador dos estímulos, o valor reforçador das respostas do experimentador etc. (Faleiros, Canhedo, Sousa, Oliveira & Gil, 2005;Gil et al, 2006;Oliveira & Gil, 2008 Gil, & Garcia, 2018a;2018b). No caso de objetos de uso da criança em casa, os pais eram os informantes (Garcia, 2010, Sertori, 2017.…”

Aprendizagem De Relações Palavra-Objeto Por Exclusão Em Crianças Típicas E Com Atraso Da Fala

“…Apesar da literatura referir que a aprendizagem de novas palavras tem estreita relação com o responder por exclusão, diversos estudos têm demonstrado que um número reduzido de exposições a tentativas de responder por exclusão não é suficiente para que ocorra a aprendizagem de novas relações palavra-objeto (Domeniconi, Costa, de Rose, & de Souza, 2007;Schmidt, Franco, Lotério, & Gomes, 2016;Souza, Gil, & Garcia, 2018;Souza, Sousa, & Gil, 2016;Wilkinson & McIlvane, 1997). Porém, a exposição repetida a tentativas similares às de responder por exclusão pode favorecer essa aprendizagem, mesmo em crianças com menos de 36 meses (Costa, Grisante, Domeniconi, de Rose, & de Souza, 2013;Souza et al, 2016).…”