Identification of the diversity of students is often an important point that teachers rarely consider before the learning is carried out. In fact, by understanding this diversity, teachers can undoubtedly carry out adaptive learning and assessments that are suitable for the conditions of students. This study aims to identify the importance of knowing the diversity of students and how teachers can implement appropriate learning and assessment. A systematic literature study was used in this study. Researchers collect and select various related sources through the existing search engine database. In-depth discussion schemes and continuous cognitive briefing were carried out to objectify the study results. The results showed that the diversity of students could be seen from the aspects of their readiness cognitively and non-cognitively, learning styles, interests, talents, and learning experiences. These aspects are essential for carrying out adaptive learning and assessment. Good learning is done by seeing the situation in children, which can be combined with learning resources in any form without exception. It is expected that, even in limited conditions, teachers can still carry out learning because they already understand the situation of their students and can take advantage of various things that exist in their environment as learning resources.