Less Healthy Dietary Pattern is Associated with Smoking in Korean Men According to Nationally Representative Data

Abstract

The relationship between smoking and nutrient intake has been widely investigated in several countries. However, Korea presents a population with a smoking rate of approximately 50% and dietary consumption of unique foods. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of dietary patterns with smoking in Korean men using a nationally representative sample. The study subjects were comprised of 4,851 Korean men over 19 yr of age who participated in the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Dietary data were assessed by the 24-hr recall method. The smoking group comprised 2,136 men (46.6%). Five dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis: 'sugar & fat', 'vegetables & seafood', 'meat & drinks', 'grains & eggs', and 'potatoes, fruits and dairy products.' Current smokers showed a more significant 'sugar & fat' pattern (P = 0.001) while significantly less of the 'vegetables & seafood' and 'potatoes, fruits and dairy products' patterns (P = 0.011, P < 0.001, respectively). As found in similar results from Western studies, Korean male smokers showed less healthy dietary patterns than nonsmokers. Thus, the result of this study underlines the need for health professionals to also provide advice on dietary patterns when counseling patients on smoking cessation.

Healthy and Unhealthy Dietary Patterns Are Related to Depression: A Case-Control Study

“…These nutrients are beneficial against depression. Besides, these patterns accompany with high levels of trans and/or saturated fatty acids 47 and very poor level of dietary fibers, 48 which their negative effect is been proven on health.…”

Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Blood Cadmium Concentrations in an Observational Cohort of British Women

“…This could have the effect of causing misclassification bias. While it is known that current smokers have less healthy dietary patterns than non-smokers [72], supporting the use of current smoking as a confounder in the present analyses, little is known about the effect of smoking cessation on dietary patterns so it was not possible to take this into account in the analyses.…”

Probability and amounts of yogurt intake are differently affected by sociodemographic, economic, and lifestyle factors in adults and the elderly—results from a population-based study

“…In addition to the lower intake of yogurt, smokers have lower consumption of vegetables, fruit, and dairy products, and their diets are higher in foods rich in sugar and fat [30][31][32]. Additionally, the Healthy Eating Index scores among smokers are lower than in non-smokers [33].…”

“…These findings are consistent with the differences in micronutrient intake observed between smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers consume more saturated fat, cholesterol and alcohol and less fiber, vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, iron and calcium when compared to non-smokers [30,34].…”