Levels of ambient air pollution according to mode of transport: a systematic review

Cepeda, M. Soledad; Schoufour, Josje D.; Freak‐Poli, Rosanne; Koolhaas, Chantal M.; Dhana, Klodian; Bramer, Wichor M.; Franco, Oscar H.

doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(16)30021-4

Cited by 281 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Assessments of personal exposure to PM 2.5 in transport micro-environments have been conducted all over the world [22]. The median exposure levels reported here for public buses and CC are lower than those reported in the MCMA by Vallejo et al [12] of 101.7 and 62.4 µg m −3 , respectively.…”

Section: Personal Exposure To Pm 25 In the Mcmacontrasting

confidence: 58%

Personal Exposure to PM2.5 in the Megacity of Mexico: A Multi-Mode Transport Study

et al. 2018

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Recurrent personal exposure to ambient PM 2.5 is associated with adverse human health effects, in particular on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Here, we present an assessment of personal exposure and inhalation of PM 2.5 for five modes of transport (walking, cycling, public bus (trolleybus and diesel bus), conventional car (CC) and hybrid-electric car (HEC)) and two routes of similar distance, along a major road in the Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA). Arithmetic average exposure concentrations ranged from 16.5 ± 6.5 µg m −3 for walking to 81.7 ± 9.1 µg m −3 for cycling (henceforth shown as average ±1 SD), with no significant differences with geometric averages. The maximum exposure concentration of 110.9 µg m −3 was observed for the conventional car. The highest exposure concentrations depended on route and the mode of transport, being observed for cycling and walking. The PM 2.5 measurements showed large spatial heterogeneity in the exposure levels for walking and cycling, while public buses and private transport showed less spatial heterogeneity. The greatest peaks in PM 2.5 coincided with 4-way intersections for all modes of transport, being positively influenced by traffic density. The mass of PM 2.5 inhaled depended mostly on the mode of transport, and ranged between 1.0 ± 0.3 and 30.1 ± 14.2 µg km −1 for the HEC and bicycle, respectively. Local area PM 2.5 increments identified as 'residuals' after subtraction of data recorded at the closest fixed monitoring site from exposure concentrations along the studied road suggested that inhalation for bicycle and diesel buses is strongly influenced by vehicular emissions. Residuals estimated for the trolleybus, CC and HEC confirmed a lower inhalation than for the other modes of transport evaluated due to protection by the cabin.

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Section: Personal Exposure To Pm 25 In the Mcmacontrasting

confidence: 58%

Personal Exposure to PM2.5 in the Megacity of Mexico: A Multi-Mode Transport Study

et al. 2018

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“…What we know about commuters’ exposure is largely based on measurement studies that aim to compare air pollution exposure and inhalation doses between different transport modes and HIA is not their main objective [83]. A review of those studies is out of the scope of this paper.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Raza

Forsberg

Johansson

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: Promotion of active commuting provides substantial health and environmental benefits by influencing air pollution, physical activity, accidents, and noise. However, studies evaluating intervention and policies on a mode shift from motorized transport to cycling have estimated health impacts with varying validity and precision. Objective: To review and discuss the estimation of air pollution exposure and its impacts in health impact assessment studies of a shift in transport from cars to bicycles in order to guide future assessments. Methods: A systematic database search of PubMed was done primarily for articles published from January 2000 to May 2016 according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: We identified 18 studies of health impact assessment of change in transport mode. Most studies investigated future hypothetical scenarios of increased cycling. The impact on the general population was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach in the majority of these studies, whereas some used previously published cost estimates. Air pollution exposure during cycling was estimated based on the ventilation rate, the pollutant concentration, and the trip duration. Most studies employed exposure-response functions from studies comparing background levels of fine particles between cities to estimate the health impacts of local traffic emissions. The effect of air pollution associated with increased cycling contributed small health benefits for the general population, and also only slightly increased risks associated with fine particle exposure among those who shifted to cycling. However, studies calculating health impacts based on exposure-response functions for ozone, black carbon or nitrogen oxides found larger effects attributed to changes in air pollution exposure. Conclusion: A large discrepancy between studies was observed due to different health impact assessment approaches, different assumptions for calculation of inhaled dose and different selection of dose-response functions. This kind of assessments would improve from more holistic approaches using more specific exposure-response functions.

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“…Contaminación del aire ambiental 79 Las principales fuentes de contaminación del aire incluyen el transporte ineficiente 80 , sobre todo en las zonas urbanas, la quema de residuos, las emisiones de las centrales eléctricas de carbón y las actividades industriales. Datos recientes de la OMS 16 señalan que aproximadamente el 92% de la población mundial vive en lugares donde los niveles de calidad del aire exceden los límites de exposición internacionalmente recomendados.…”

Section: Agua Y Saneamiento Básicounclassified

La transición de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales de la salud y la equidad en salud

Urbina-Fuentes¹,

Jasso-Gutiérrez²,

Schiavon-Ermani³

et al. 2019

GMM

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Levels of ambient air pollution according to mode of transport: a systematic review

Abstract: Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS), National Health and Medical Research Council, Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec), Metagenics, and AXA.

Cited by 281 publications

References 62 publications

Personal Exposure to PM2.5 in the Megacity of Mexico: A Multi-Mode Transport Study

Personal Exposure to PM2.5 in the Megacity of Mexico: A Multi-Mode Transport Study

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

La transición de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales de la salud y la equidad en salud

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