Levels of rare earth elements in Dutch drinking water and its sources. Determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and toxicological implications. A pilot study

Transfer of REEs from nutrient solution to radish through fine roots and their distribution in the plant

“…However, studies have shown that REEs have been introduced into soil and water environments and the amounts are increasing due to more applications using REEs in industry and agriculture [1,2]. Some measurements of REEs in environmental samples, such as water, soil and plants have been reported [2][3][4][5][6]. In particular, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows researchers to measure low levels of REEs in such samples.…”

Evaluation of bioavailability of light rare earth elements to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

“…The adverse health effect and potential detrimental environmental issue caused by REEs are concerned by environmental scientists. Possible health risks for humans could not be excluded and health status of children should be examined from health risk assessment perspective in rare earth mining areas (De Boer et al, 1996;Tong et al, 2004). High concentrations of REEs may cause significant damage to ecosystem (Barry and Meehan, 2000).…”

Chemical Elements in Organic and Conventional Sweet Oranges

“…For REEs in drinking water, safety levels of 2 μg/L were recommended [10]. In spite of the higher values found in the orange juice, the risk associated with its consumption is low due to the small intake compared to water.…”