Ligand “noninnocence” in coordination complexes vs. kinetic, mechanistic, and selectivity issues in electrochemical catalysis

Abstract

The world of coordination complexes is currently stimulated by the quest for efficient catalysts for the electrochemical reactions underlying modern energy and environmental challenges. Even in the case of a multielectron-multistep process, catalysis starts with uptake or removal of one electron from the resting state of the catalyst. If this first step is an outer-sphere electron transfer (triggering a "redox catalysis" process), the electron distribution over the metal and the ligand is of minor importance. This is no longer the case with "chemical catalysis," in which the active catalyst reacts with the substrate in an inner-sphere manner, often involving the transient formation of a catalyst-substrate adduct. The fact that, in most cases, the ligand is "noninnocent," in the sense that the electron density and charge gained (or removed) from the resting state of the catalyst are shared between the metal and the ligand, has become common-place knowledge over the last half-century. Insistent focus on a large degree of noninnocence of the ligand in the resting state of the catalyst, even robustly validated by spectroscopic techniques, may lead to undermining the essential role of the metal when such essential issues as kinetics, mechanisms, and product selectivity are dealt with. These points are general in scope, but their discussion is eased by adequately documented examples. This is the case for reactions involving metalloporphyrins as well as vitamin B12 derivatives and similar cobalt complexes for which a wealth of experimental data is available.

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“…[1][2][3] The steric hindrance of a substituted R group towards the metal in NHCs facilitates reductive elimination and product selectivity that mark this ligand as a superior choice in homogeneous catalysis, especially in cross-coupling chemistry. [4][5][6][7] In depth study reveals that the tuning of the electronic density of a ligand is desirable according to the requirement of a coordinated metal to catalyze various stages of the redox process. 8,9 Therefore the non-innocent ligands are ideally suited for this type of chemistry as they have the ability to switch and stabilize the various oxidation states of metals during chemical transformations.…”

“…Comparison of developed catalytic system (entries6,14,16) with the literature reported systems (entries1-5, 7-11, 13-15) showing different ligands and conditions a…”