Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Synthesis of Nanocellulose and Its Eco-Friendly Advanced Applications

Abstract

Nanocellulose is a unique and natural compound extracted from native cellulose using different extraction techniques. Nanocellulose is currently attracting attention due to its excellent properties such as special surface chemistry, exceptional physical and chemical strength, and rich hydroxyl groups for modification. In addition, its significant biological properties, like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, accompanied by being environmentally friendly, are added advantages. The current review is focused on the lignocellulosic biomass processing methods for nanocellulose production and their usage for eco-friendly and environmental sustainability. We have also described insights into different techniques by which cellulosic materials can be changed into cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Lastly, we further discussed how nano-cellulosic materials are being used in a variety of industries such as the food sector, biomedical hygiene products, health care, water purification, and sensors. In the review, the unique uses of nanocelluloses in the production of nanocomposite materials, like flexible supercapacitor and polymer matrix, toward minimizing the utilization of global fossil energy and environmental pollution are envisaged. Finally, the significant application of nanomaterials in the areas of packaging industries, health and hygienic sector, cosmetics, and other important sectors are discussed. In the aspect of techno-economically feasibility, nano-cellulose-based materials may prove to be outstanding, environment friendly, and mitigate effluent load.

Nanocellulose: Resources, Physio-Chemical Properties, Current Uses and Future Applications

“…The bacterial nanocellulose is ribbon shaped with about 20-100 nm size and length in many micrometers (Jonoobi et al, 2015). Bacterial nanocellulose is secreted as an extracellular product during bacterial fermentation by many species of the genera Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Gluconacetobacter and Sarcina (Gupta and Shukla, 2020). The main advantage of bacterial nanocellulose is that it does not have other unwanted polymers linked to it, unlike cellulose from plant sources.…”

Simultaneous Effect of Ultrasonic and Chemical Treatment on the Extraction of Nanocellulose From Sugarcane Bagasse

“…The third stage was acid hydrolysis using 45 % H2SO 4 . Strong acid can remove the amorphous zone of the cellulose chain, so the isolation of the crystalline zone of cellulose can be carried out [ 14 ]. Sulfuric acid hydrolysis in cellulose is a heterogeneous process.…”

Extraction and Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibers from Carpet Wastes Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Approach

“…Cellulose nano fibers (CNFs) have excellent mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity, making these nanomaterials imparted to various matrices such as thermoplastics and elastomers, thermosets, ceramics, and even metals [3][4][5][6]. In addition, the significant biological properties of CNFs, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and non-immunogenicity accompanied by eco-friendly nature, are added advantages and highly extend their application in the biomedical fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and biosensing [7][8][9]. The past few years witnessed utilization of different industrial and agricultural wastes including textile wastes as a source of predominant compounds they contain such as nanocellulose and recyclable nylon [10].…”