Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils

Bell, F. G.

doi:10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2

Cited by 1,080 publications

(517 citation statements)

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“…Some of these fibre materials include rice husk ash (RHA), peat, marl, coal ash, cassava peels and a host of others. Many researchers have studied the response and effect of the addition of these materials in improving the strength characteristics and durability of compressed earth bricks (Ola, 1989;Moore, 1987in AttohOkine, 1995Osula, 1996;Bell, 1996;Bahar et al, 2004;Venkatarama Reddy and Gupta, 2008;Billong et al, 2009;Al-Amoudi et al, 2010;Villamizar et al, 2012;Al-Jabri and Shoukry, 2014;and Cong et al, 2014). Their findings generally indicate a positive improvement in strength properties and durability of CEBs, which depend largely on the method and type of stabilization.…”

Section: Stabilization Of Ceb's and Stabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the use of lateritic soils in the construction/development of sustainable housing in Africa: A geological perspective

Oyelami

Rooy

2016

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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Highlights• Appraisal of the previous work in the use of tropical soils in low cost, energy efficient housing development.• It established CEBs as sustainable building materials for a sustainable environment.• Identification of lateritic soils as suitable material in the production of CEBs.• Established the importance of parent rock material (its type and mineralogy) in strength and durability of CEBs.• Discouraging the common practice of firing clay bricks for the sake of sustainable environment. AbstractLateritic soils have been described as highly weathered tropical or sub-tropical residual soils with varying proportions of particle sizes ranging from clay size to gravel, usually coated with sesquioxide rich concretions. It is sometimes referred to as brick earth based on its use. The use of laterite and lateritic soils have been found to promote the realization of decent housing and bridging the housing deficit, especially in Africa.The author has attempted to review available information on the recent trends in building bricks and housing development with the aim of identifying a suitable soil material that will meet the present challenge of sustaining the environment without costing too much and maintaining a high standard of strength, durability and aesthetics. A critical review of laterite and lateritic soils from a geological point of view indicated these soils to be one of the best natural materials used in the production of compressed earth bricks. Lateritic soils are mostly well graded, comprising both cohesive (silt and clay) and cohesionless (sands and gravels) soil fraction, it contains sesquioxides and clay minerals which are very useful in the natural binding process as well as in the presence of most chemical binders.Compressed earth bricks are mainly composed of raw earth materials (soil) with their cohesion due principally to the clay fraction present in both humid and dry states. CEB's promote building in a 'sustainable' way and offers a good prospect to using our resources in an efficient manner while creating dwellings that improve human health, well-being and preserving a better environment, with an affordable and natural alternative.

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Section: Stabilization Of Ceb's and Stabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the use of lateritic soils in the construction/development of sustainable housing in Africa: A geological perspective

Oyelami

Rooy

2016

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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“…The cation exchange reactions of lime stabilisation may be impaired, but other aspects of the remediation process may aid stabilisation. Lime stabilisation has been shown to improve the compressive strength of quartz sand, increased curing time has been shown to enhance this improvement, and elevated temperatures have been shown to enhance curing and ultimate strength achieved (Bell, 1996). Because of their thermal inertia, post-remediation soils are slow to cool.…”

Section: Summary and Implications Of Soil Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of high temperature processes on physical properties of silica sand

Zihms

Switzer

Irvine

et al. 2013

Engineering Geology

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This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/44144/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Strathprints administrator: strathprints@strath.ac.ukThe Strathprints institutional repository (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs. It has been developed to disseminate open access research outputs, expose data about those outputs, and enable the management and persistent access to Strathclyde's intellectual output. AbstractHigh temperature processes may alter soil properties, creating potential risks of subsidence, erosion and other hazards. Soils may be exposed to high temperatures during some aggressive contaminant remediation processes as well as natural events such as fires. Characterising the effects of high temperatures on soil properties is essential to understanding the potential hazards that may arise after exposure. Thermal treatment and smouldering remediation were carried out on silica sand used here as a simple soil. Changes observed in physical properties were associated with the treatment type and exposure temperature. Particle, minimum and maximum densities were independent of heat treatment type and temperature. In contrast, particle size distribution, mineralogy, capillary rise, and hydraulic conductivity were linked to treatment type and exposure temperature with the most substantial changes associated with smouldering remediation. Changes in colour and mass loss with increasing temperature suggest changes within the crystal structure of the silica sand beyond loss of moisture content within the pore space and dehydration of iron deposits from goethite to hematite. Based on these observations, exposure to high temperature processes and the complex geo-chemical reactions during smouldering remediation can have significant effects on soil properties. Monitoring after exposure is advisable to determine the severity of exposure and any mitigation measures that may be necessary.

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“…Para a determinação da porcentagem de cal a ser utilizada na estabilização para obter uma capacidade de suporte desejada, é indicado que em solos granulares varie o teor entre 2% a 5%, enquanto para solos plásticos entre 5% e 10% após a realização de uma série de ensaios [29]. De acordo com o estudo de BELL [7] com solos argilosos, o ganho de resistência a curto prazo foi significativo para os teores ótimos de 4 e 6% de cal, sendo que argilominerais do tipo montmorilonita responderam melhor à estabilização com cal do que os argilominerais do tipo caulinita.…”

Section: Figura 3: Curvas De Compactaçãounclassified

“…Para os demais teores, verificou-se maior ganho de resistência ao longo dos 28 dias, porém os valores mínimos exigidos na norma não foram alcançados. Em alguns casos, a resistência de solos cauliníticos com o teor ótimo de cal não varia significativamente com o tempo de cura; já para os solos montmoriloníticos, a resistência geralmente aumenta com o tempo de cura, pois esses argilominerais expansivos possuem em sua composição uma quantidade maior de óxidos de ferro, magnésio e cálcio, além de ter uma capacidade de troca catiônica maior do que os argilominerais não expansivos, como a caulinita [7]. Neste estudo, o cascalho avaliado provavelmente não apresenta montmorilonita e, por esse motivo, a estabilização com cal hidratada não gerou ganhos de resistência significativos.…”

Section: Figuraunclassified

“…Segundo BELL [7], ao adicionar cal em um solo argiloso ocorre imediatamente alteração das propriedades do solo por meio das trocas catiônicas entre os íons metálicos associados à superfície das partículas dos argilominerais com dupla camada no meio hidratado, que são modificados pelos íons de cálcio presente na cal. Ao alterar a carga elétrica dos argilominerais, aparece a tendência de atrair mais as outras partículas para formar flocos, processo conhecido como floculação.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Estudo laboratorial de um solo tropical granular estabilizado quimicamente para fins de pavimentação

Rocha

2017

Matéria (Rio J.)

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RESUMOA estabilização química é uma técnica adotada para melhorar solos regionais no emprego de sub-bases e bases de pavimentos. No entanto, as metodologias de dosagem utilizadas na prática são baseadas em ensaios simples e não conseguem prever e explicar o comportamento mecânico das misturas. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a estabilização química de um cascalho laterítico empregado na camada de base de uma rodovia. Para tanto, foi estudada a mistura utilizada na obra (78% cascalho, 20% de areia e 2% de cimento), bem como misturas do mesmo cascalho com 2, 4 e 6% de cimento e de cal hidratada. Foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais para a caracterização do solo, compactação na energia Proctor intermediária, expansão, Índice de Suporte Califórnia, compressão simples e triaxial dinâmico das misturas moldadas na condição ótima de compactação para três tempos de cura (0, 7 e 28 dias). Para interpretação dos resultados em termos de módulo de resiliência, foram realizadas análises numéricas com o programa KENLAYER. Para complementação das análises dos resultados de resistência foram realizados ensaios de difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos mostram que para o solo em questão, a estabilização química com cal pouco contribuiu com o aumento dos parâmetros de resistência. Já o uso do cimento apresentou maior potencial de utilização. As diferenças de comportamento observadas nos ensaios de compressão simples e triaxial dinâmico foram explicadas por mudanças que acontecem na microestrutura durante o processo de estabilização. Por fim, concluiu-se que o processo de estabilização de solos tropicais é complexo, sendo que ensaios mecânicos, como o triaxial dinâmico, e parâmetros não convencionais para análise de solos para pavimentação, como a relação água/cimento e porosidade, devem ser incorporados nas análises para a obtenção de resultados mais consistentes.Palavras-chave: Ensaios laboratoriais. Estabilização de solos. Solo-cal. Solo-cimento. Pavimento asfáltico. ABSTRACTThe chemical stabilization is a technique used to improve regional soils on the use of pavements subbases and bases. However, dosing methodologies still used in practice are based on simple tests, and cannot predict and explain the mixtures mechanical behavior. This study aims to analyze the chemical stabilization of a lateritic gravel used in the base layer of a highway. To this end, studied the mixture used in the site (78% gravel, 20% of sand and 2% of cement), and the same gravel mixtures with 2, 4 and 6% cement and hydrated lime. Laboratory tests were performed to characterize the soil, compaction in the Intermediate Proctor energy, expansion, California Bearing Ratio, unconfined compression and dynamic triaxial mixtures molded in optimum compaction condition for three curing times (0, 7 and 28 days). The resilient moduli results were evaluated by numerical analysis using KENLAYER software. To complement the analysis of the resistance results, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy tests wer...

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Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils

Cited by 1,080 publications

References 2 publications

A review of the use of lateritic soils in the construction/development of sustainable housing in Africa: A geological perspective

A review of the use of lateritic soils in the construction/development of sustainable housing in Africa: A geological perspective

Effects of high temperature processes on physical properties of silica sand

Estudo laboratorial de um solo tropical granular estabilizado quimicamente para fins de pavimentação

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