Limiting potential COVID-19 contagion in squatting public toilets

Li, Pan; Chen, Shuang-Lan; Guo, Yong; Du, Yi; Wu, Xiaodi; Jones, Alice; Han, Jia

doi:10.1142/s1013702521500116

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…People who do not have toilets in their homes use public or shared toilets that are used by several households. The poor sanitation of public toilets enhanced the possibility of pathogen transmission through splashing toilet water and the formation of aerosols [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered Impact of Age, Toilet Facilities, and Cooking Fuels on the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers in Indonesia and the Philippines

Sulistyorini

Lutpiatina³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Introduction: The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk factors of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five in Indonesia and the Philippines and to implement a primary review of the characteristics of toddlers and their households in both countries. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2017 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Indonesia and the Philippines. The characteristics of children, mothers, and households were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to examine the significant correlations between variables. Results: The percentage of children under five with ARI symptoms in 2017 was 1.51% in the Philippines and 4.22% in Indonesia. In Indonesia, males aged under one year had significantly lower occurrences of ARI symptoms (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36–0.82). In the Philippines, dirty cooking fuels had a significant effect on increasing the likelihood of ARI in female toddlers (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.02–15.83). In the Philippines, the unavailability of toilet facilities had a significant effect on increasing the likelihood of ARI in male toddlers (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.15–6.16). Conclusion: The comparison of risk factors between male and female toddlers revealed different results in some variables, as follows: children aged under one year, dirty cooking fuels, and unavailable toilet facilities. The role of parents is fundamental in taking care of female toddlers, since they are more exposed to ARI at the age of under one year and are more prone to indoor air pollution from solid cooking fuels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered Impact of Age, Toilet Facilities, and Cooking Fuels on the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers in Indonesia and the Philippines

Sulistyorini

Lutpiatina³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The problem is that the lock handle on the toilet door can be a source of spread of disease because it is generally used and touched by hand so that the hands can be contaminated by viruses and bacteria. According to Pan et al (2021), although SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted mostly by respiratory droplets and direct contact, but it turns out that viral RNA fragments have also been detected in the faecal waste of Covid-19 patients. Therefore, the cleanliness and effective sanitation of public toilets must be a high priority concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Foot Lock for Public Toilet Facilities

Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is detrimental to the community; therefore, it is necessary to take actions that can minimize the spread of COVID-19 so that business sustainability can be maintained. One way to minimize the spread of COVID-19 is to reduce physical contact using hands. However, based on observations, it is known that there are no available tools in Indonesia that are used to avoid hand contact with the toilet door lock. This of course can be a means of spreading the Covid-19 virus. Therefore, in this study, a foot-operated toilet door lock was designed and made so that it is expected to reduce the spread of the covid-19 virus. Foot lock product design was carried out using the Quality Function Deployment method. Customers' needs were identified by using interviews and questionnaires. Quantitative measurements were conducted to identify priorities, which consist of respondent satisfaction level, goals and sales points, improvement ratio, and row weight. The research continued with the development of technical responses (HOWs) to meet customers' needs and then the house of quality was developed. Alternative design concepts were developed using a morphological chart. The selected design was then made into a foot-operated door lock and tested for ease of use. The foot lock that has been made has an outer dimension of 308 x 126 x 121 mm.

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Comparison of environmental and health acceptability of squatting and sitting toilets: A review

Salehfar,

Torkalipour,

Karimi

et al. 2024

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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In general, two types of sitting and squatting toilets are used by people in the world, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages from an environmental and health point of view. So far, no study has been done to compare these two types of toilets, precisely. Therefore, the precise comparison of these two types of toilets based on a simple literature review was the main purpose of this study. For this purpose, the amount of water consumption, toilet paper consumption, related diseases, ease of cleaning, odor problem, and the flexibility to equip with treatment and reuse systems in both types of toilets was compared. Squatting toilets is a better option in terms of water consumption, toilet paper consumption, ease of cleaning, and diseases related to body posture. In the case of infectious diseases, the sitting toilet has better conditions and in terms of flexibility to install the treatment and reuse systems, the conditions of both were almost similar. The odor problem in the sitting toilet is less than the squatting toilet. Since the advantages and disadvantages of both types of toilets are also complementary, the best option is to install both toilets together.

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Limiting potential COVID-19 contagion in squatting public toilets

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Gendered Impact of Age, Toilet Facilities, and Cooking Fuels on the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers in Indonesia and the Philippines

Gendered Impact of Age, Toilet Facilities, and Cooking Fuels on the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers in Indonesia and the Philippines

Developing Foot Lock for Public Toilet Facilities

Comparison of environmental and health acceptability of squatting and sitting toilets: A review

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