Introduction. The morbidity and mortality rate of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) in children under 5 is relatively high in Indonesia. Socio-demographic characteristic is considered one of the factors causing ARI in Indonesia. However, no study analyzed the prevalence of ARI among toddlers and the differences among the determinant factors in multiple periods. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the prevalence trends and determinant factors associated with ARI symptoms in children under 5 in Indonesia in 2007, 2012, and 2017. Methods. This study analyzed cross-sectional survey data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Indonesia during 2007, 2012, and 2017. Bivariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed using Stata version 15. The final results were expressed in Adjusted Odds Ratio (AORs) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results. The findings showed a progress in prevalence trends with a decrease in the percentage of children with ARI symptoms from 11.25% (2007), then 5.12% (2012) to 4.22% (2017). Risk factors for toddlers experiencing ARI symptoms were as follows: younger maternal age (OR: 1.13, 95% Cl 0.70-1.81 in 2007, OR: 1.72, 95% Cl 1.03-2.88 in 2012 and OR: 0.98, 95% Cl 0.48-1.97 in 2017), smoking habits of family members (OR: 1.12, 95% Cl 0.85-1.48 in 2012, OR: 1.23, 95% Cl in 2017), poor drinking water quality (OR: 1.12, 95% Cl 0.85-1.48 in 2012 and OR: 1.23, 95% Cl in 2017), unavailable toilet facilities (OR: 1.27, 95% Cl 1.04-1.56 in 2007, OR: 1.24, 95% Cl 0.95-1.63 in 2012 and OR: 1.28, 95% Cl 0.97-1.68 in 2017). Conclusion. There was a decrease in the prevalence of ARI symptoms among children in 2007, 2012, and 2017, with no prominent differences in other related factors. The lifestyle and household environmental factors such as the use of dirty fuel, the presence of smokers in the household, the poor quality of drinking water, unavailable toilet facilities in addition to the maternal age and child age were the determinant factors that must be prioritized and improved. Family self-awareness should also be enhanced for better prospects for toddler survival.

Objective To investigate the level of and covariates associated with ambient air pollution health literacy (AAPHL) among adult residents of Taiwan. Methods With a cross-sectional study design, we conducted telephone interviews using a Chinese version AAPHL scale, which consisted of 24 items assessing 12 subdomains of AAPHL formed by 4 information processing competence matrices (i.e., access, understand, appraise, and apply) and 3 health contexts (i.e., healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion). The AAPHL was with the lowest and highest score at 1 to 4, respectively. Between September and November 2020, a sample of 1017 and 280 adults was successfully interviewed via home phones and mobile phones, respectively. We employed multiple linear regression models to identify covariates significantly associated with overall and 4 matric-specific AAPHL scores. Results The mean and standard deviation (±SD) of overall AAPHL score was considered as moderate at 2.90 (±0.56), with the highest and lowest metric-specific score for “apply” (3.07 ± 0.59) and “appraise” (2.75 ± 0.66). Lower education was significantly associated with a lower overall score; and living with children < 12 years and single were both significantly associated with higher overall scores. We also noted a significant geographic variation in overall score in which people living in the east/remote islands had highest scores. Conclusions People in Taiwan had only moderate level of AAPHL; and covariates including education, living arrangement, marital status, and area of living were significantly associated with AAPHL. These covariates should be considered in future educational interventions aiming to improve the AAPHL in the community.

Diseases that can be caused by environmental factors one of which is tuberculosis (TB). TB is an infectious disease that most often affects the lung tissue by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on the observation of the condition of the settlement in the district Mulyorejo very crowded and poor sanitation, it may result in environmentally based disease is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This study was an observational study, the design of the study is a case-control study. Analysis of the data used are seeing the value OR. The sample was taken by purposive sampling with a sample size of 5 houses pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 10 home instead of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The collection of data by observation sheet, physical measurements of air quality, and air sampling using Haz-Dust EPAM-5000 models, then dust samples were sent to the Institute of Tropical Disease Airlangga University for examination Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in the air by PCR Aerosol. The results showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the air is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis (OR = 2.667) and the physical condition of the house is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis (OR = 2.667). People should improve the physical condition of the house, particularly the addition of mechanical ventilation to facilitate air circulation. For a house whose walls are attached to the neighboring wall can make the air vent on the roof, for further research using more samples to determine the factors that cause Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the home of respondents both patients and non-sufferers.Keywords:physical condition of the home, lung tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk factors of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five in Indonesia and the Philippines and to implement a primary review of the characteristics of toddlers and their households in both countries. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2017 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Indonesia and the Philippines. The characteristics of children, mothers, and households were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to examine the significant correlations between variables. Results: The percentage of children under five with ARI symptoms in 2017 was 1.51% in the Philippines and 4.22% in Indonesia. In Indonesia, males aged under one year had significantly lower occurrences of ARI symptoms (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36–0.82). In the Philippines, dirty cooking fuels had a significant effect on increasing the likelihood of ARI in female toddlers (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.02–15.83). In the Philippines, the unavailability of toilet facilities had a significant effect on increasing the likelihood of ARI in male toddlers (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.15–6.16). Conclusion: The comparison of risk factors between male and female toddlers revealed different results in some variables, as follows: children aged under one year, dirty cooking fuels, and unavailable toilet facilities. The role of parents is fundamental in taking care of female toddlers, since they are more exposed to ARI at the age of under one year and are more prone to indoor air pollution from solid cooking fuels.

Jawa Timur merupakan provinsi yang memiliki banyak pusat perindustrian dan laju pertumbuhan penduduk 0.64%. Seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk maka kebutuhan air bersih juga akan meningkat. Permasalahan yang sering dijumpai di masyarakat berkaitan dengan pelayanan penyediaan air dari segi kualitas dan kuantitas air. Maka dari itu upaya pemenuhan air bersih yang berkualitas dan sehat perlu dilakukan pengawasan air bersih secara rutin. Tujuan penelitian adalah menggambarkan kualitas air secara fisik (suhu, bau, jumlah zat padat terlarut (TDS), kekeruhan, rasa, warna, dan DHL), kimia (pH, fluorida, kromium, timbal, seng, kesadahan, khlorida, nitrat,nitrit, sulfat, zat organik, dan deterjen), dan mikrobiologi (total koliform) pada kawasan domestik di Jawa Timur, tahun 2019. Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Analisis Data Sekunder yang diperoleh dari BBTKLPP Surabaya pada Bulan Juli-Desember tahun 2019. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 54 sampel pemeriksaan kualitas fisik dan kimia, serta 29 sampel pemeriksaan kualitas mikrobiologi. Hasil penelitian kualitas air bersih kategori tidak memenuhi syarat adalah kualitas fisik (5,56%) dari 54 sampel, kualitas kimia sebanyak (9,26%) dari 54 sampel, dan (27,58%) dari 29 sampel. Parameter kualitas air bersih di kawasan domestik kategori tidak memenuhi syarat yaitu parameter fisika (bau, TDS dan rasa), parameter kimia (mangan, kesadahan, khlorida) parameter mikrobiologik (total koliform). Saran perlu adanya pemeriksaan rutin sebagai upaya mempertahankan kulitas air dan dilakukan penelitian lanjut dalam pengolahan air yang benar sehingga memperoleh air yang sesuai baku mutu air bersih.