Linear and branched ß(1–3) d-glucans activate but do not prime teleost macrophages in vitro and are inactivated by dilute acid: Implications for dietary immunostimulation

Kudrenko, Ben; Snape, Natale; Barnes, Andrew C.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.01.009

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…[20], increased resistance to a skin-parasitic ciliate (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) in rainbow trout [10], suppression of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion development in mice [21], and reduced liver injury following carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) exposure in rats [22]. In addition, paramylon has been demonstrated to stimulate respiratory burst activity in fish (Lates calcarifer) macrophages in vitro in a dose dependent manner [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri

Skov

Kania

Holten-Andersen

et al. 2012

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri

Skov

Kania

Holten-Andersen

et al. 2012

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…The current sources of noncellulosic β‐(1‐3) andβ‐(1‐6) glucans are the cell walls of yeast, fungi and some plants (Chen and Seviour 2007; Kudrenko et al. 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased synthesis of α-tocopherol, paramylon and tyrosine by Euglena gracilis under conditions of high biomass production

Rodríguez‐Zavala

Ortiz-Cruz

Mendoza‐Hernández

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

113

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Aims: To analyse the production of different metabolites by dark‐grown Euglena gracilis under conditions found to render high cell growth. Methods and Results: The combination of glutamate (5 g l−1), malate (2 g l−1) and ethanol (10 ml l−1) (GM + EtOH); glutamate (7·15 g l−1) and ethanol (10 ml l−1); or malate (8·16 g l−1), glucose (10·6 g l−1) and NH4Cl (1·8 g l−1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, promoted an increase of 5·6, 3·7 and 2·6‐fold, respectively, in biomass concentration in comparison with glutamate and malate (GM). In turn, the production of α‐tocopherol after 120 h identified by LC‐MS was 3·7 ± 0·2, 2·4 ± 0·1 and 2 ± 0·1 mg [g dry weight (DW)]−1, respectively, while in the control medium (GM) it was 0·72 ± 0·1 mg (g DW)−1. For paramylon synthesis, the addition of EtOH or glucose induced a higher production. Amino acids were assayed by RP‐HPLC; Tyr a tocopherol precursor and Ala an amino acid with antioxidant activity were the amino acids synthesized at higher concentration. Conclusions: Dark‐grown E. gracilis Z is a suitable source for the generation of the biotechnologically relevant metabolites tyrosine, α‐tocopherol and paramylon. Significance and Impact of the Study: By combining different carbon and nitrogen sources and inducing a tolerable stress to the cell by adding ethanol, it was possible to increase the production of biomass, paramylon, α‐tocopherol and some amino acids. The concentrations of α‐tocopherol achieved in this study are higher than others reported previously for Euglena, plant and algal systems. This work helps to understand the effect of different carbon sources on the synthesis of bio‐molecules by E. gracilis and can be used as a basis for future works to improve the production of different metabolites of biotechnological importance by this organism.

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“…Similar observations have been reported in barramundi (L. calcarifer), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Atlantic cod (G. morhua) head-kidney cells (Kalgraff et al, 2011;Tumbol et al, 2009). PMA, which bypasses all normal cell surface receptors, triggers leucocytes respiratory burst activity directly at the intracellular side of the membrane through MAP kinase/protein kinase C activated signal transduction (Kudrenko et al, 2009). In this study PMA was used as a positive control to confirm that these cells could indeed activate a respiratory activity, but it is not a relevant route of activation in terms of determining how these cells interact with putative pathogens.…”

Section: Direct Stimulation Of Respiratory Burst In Queensland Groupesupporting

confidence: 82%

On the origin of Group B Streptococcus from disease outbreaks in wild marine fish in Australia

Deboutteville¹

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Since 2007, 96 wild Queensland groupers, Epinephelus lanceolatus, were found dead from Karumba (Gulf of Carpentaria) in Northern Territory to Brisbane in southern Queensland, Australia. In twelve cases, Streptoccocus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) was isolated in pure culture from eyes and internal organs. GBS has been also isolated from other marine species (Javelin grunter, Giant catfish and Squaretail mullet) and caused an outbreak in three species of wild stingrays (Eastern shovelnose ray, Mangrove whipray and Estuary ray) in a public aquarium also in Queensland. These findings have raised public and industry concern over threats to human health from potential transmission between fish and humans, over environmental impacts on other aquatic animals, and over the potential threat posed to the growing Australian aquaculture industry in which, to date, there have been no reported cases of this disease in spite of the devastation caused to the industry overseas. Therefore, my thesis set out to determine whether GBS isolated from dead wild fish in Australia is indeed virulent in Queensland grouper and causative of mortality, to try to identify from where these infections in wild fish originated, to determine potential risk to human health and to other aquatic animals, and to begin to identify mechanisms by which these Australian isolates may cause fatal disease in Queensland grouper. This information may be employed in future risk assessment of potential human transfer, in mitigating further outbreaks in wild fish through understanding origin of infection, and in future development of preventative measures such as vaccination for farmed fish.In order to confirm that S. agalactiae was the cause of the mortality in wild fish, experimental challenges were conducted by injection, immersion and through the oral route. To better understand why these strains of GBS are pathogenic in fish, we conducted a series of cellular immune assays using juvenile Queensland grouper head-kidney leucocytes in the presence of different piscine and terrestrial isolates. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of the piscine and terrestrial isolates provided information on potential origin and potential for transfer between species, and also informed us on critical virulence factors that could be used during pathogenesis of GBS. Moreover, genome analysis gave intriguing insight into the evolution and adaption of GBS to fish as a host and to life in the aquatic environment. To determine putative origin of GBS in wild fish in Australia, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were derived from whole-genome sequences and revealed that all piscine isolates from Australia were serotype Ib and fell into ST-261 lineage first identified in 1986 from Tilapia in Israel. Overseas, ST-261 has only been found in fish and poikilotherm animals, and has never been associated with humans. High similarity and identical point mutations in the capsular operon of the piscine isolates suggests a common source of infection...

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Linear and branched ß(1–3) d-glucans activate but do not prime teleost macrophages in vitro and are inactivated by dilute acid: Implications for dietary immunostimulation

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri

Increased synthesis of α-tocopherol, paramylon and tyrosine by Euglena gracilis under conditions of high biomass production

On the origin of Group B Streptococcus from disease outbreaks in wild marine fish in Australia

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