Linking gender, class and race in Brazil1

Rezende, Claudia Barcellos; Lima, Márcia

doi:10.1080/1350463042000324265

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The other was the fear that prevailing theories of scientific racism would lead European countries to look down on a country with such a large African and indigenous population. Both concerns were addressed through a strategy of subsidizing the large-scale immigration of European workers (but forbidding Asian immigration) who would not only add to the workforce but also 'whiten' the population and improve the physical and moral characteristics of the Brazilian people (Rezende and Lima, 2004). This meant that the newly-freed slaves had to compete with European migrants on highly disadvantaged terms which relegated them to the poorest paid jobs in the economy.…”

Section: From 'Illiterate Agro-export Outpost' To 'Conservative Modermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of Gilberto Freyre (1933) was particularly influential in promoting this vision. He argued that the overwhelmingly white elite had acquired valuable cultural assets from their intimate mixing with the African population whose culture he considered more evolved than indigenous Brazilians (Rezende and Lima, 2004). He juxtaposed the figure of the master and slave, representing Portuguese and African culture, as the two basic poles that constituted Brazilian colonial society.…”

Section: From Horizontal To Vertical Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intersecting inequalities and the Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Brazil

Kabeer¹,

Santos²

2017

WIDER Working Paper

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The international development community has long been pre-occupied with the reduction of absolute income poverty, relegating concerns with inequality to the margins of its policy agenda. The Millennium Development Goals, for instance, which were adopted by 189 world leaders at the 2000 Millennium Summit, defined the reduction of absolute poverty by 2015 as its overarching goal. However, concerns about the dramatic rise in income inequality across the world have been growing over the last few decades and came to the forefront of public consciousness in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008. At the same time, assessments of national progress on the Millennium Development Goals made it clear that income inequality alone did not explain the distribution of gains and losses across countries. Rather it was the intersection of income inequality, marginalized social identities and, very often, locational disadvantage which led to the systematic exclusion of certain groups. In recognition of this, the Sustainable Development Goals which became the basis of the new post-2015 international development agenda now includes a commitment to the reduction of income and other inequalities, summarized as the principle of 'leave no one behind'. Our paper uses national data from Brazil between 2002 and 2013 to examine retrospectively how it has performed on some of the indicators relating to the inclusive principles articulated by the SDGs. We have selected this period in Brazil because at a time when income inequalities were rising in most countries of the world, they were declining in Brazil. Our paper examines the extent to which this decline in income inequality was accompanied by a decline in intersecting inequalities and explores some of the economic, political and social explanations given for the country's performance. Editorial note and acknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge the research assistance provided by Amanda Shaw for this paper.

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Section: From 'Illiterate Agro-export Outpost' To 'Conservative Modermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: From Horizontal To Vertical Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersecting inequalities and the Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Brazil

Kabeer¹,

Santos²

2017

WIDER Working Paper

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“…Economic growth and the modernization of Brazil have subsequently increased these racial and gender inequalities in the labor market by offering more job opportunities but with unequal pay (Lovell ; Soares ). Thus, even in instances where Afro‐Brazilian women have benefited from modernization, specifically through increases in employment opportunities and education levels, they still suffer from socioeconomic inequality (Lovell ; Rezende and Lima ). Education alone has not decreased the wage gap between women of African descent and other women and men because they continue to experience inequality in wages as well (Lovell ).…”

Section: Precarious Employment In Brogodómentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Feres‐Carneiro , , Garcia and O Tassara ). In Brazil, extreme social inequality exists at the intersection of race, gender, class, and structural inequality places women of African descent in a vulnerable position as some of the poorest and lowest paid people in the country (Rezende and Lima ). Inequality impacts women's daily lives and interactions, as well as their perceptions of and expectations for their conjugal and kin relationships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Other End of the Bargain: The Socioeconomics of Marital Dissolution in Rural Northeast Brazil

Medeiros

2014

Transforming Anthropology

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Divorce rates globally are on the rise, and in rural Northeast Brazil increasing rates of marital dissolution index transformations in gender roles, marriage and kinship structures. Socioeconomic changespecifically a transition to an economy based in ecotourism-impacts gender roles and subsequent views on marriage and marriage dissolution. In a context of extreme social inequality and structural vulnerability women's employment combined with men's unemployment decreases women's incentives to stay in an unsatisfactory marriage. However, a women and men's ability or inability to make a financial contribution to the household is not the primary impetus for marital dissolution. Among other factors, marriage dissolution represents the breakdown of an emerging bargain between women and men based in the ideal of a modern companionate marriage. [divorce, gender, marriage, employment, Brazil, ecotourism] In the rural interior of Northeast Brazil, Afro-Brazilian descendants of slaves and plantation workers subsist off of the dry land of the sertão-the semiarid region that spreads across the interior of eight Northeast Brazilian states, including the state of Bahia. i Brogod o 1 is a small town 2 deep in the Bahian sertão, over 400 km from the state capital of Salvador. In the early 20th century, Brogod o, then a prosperous mining town, fell into a deep economic decline with the departure of the mining industry. For decades, its remaining residents subsisted on small-scale farming and income from kin who had migrated to urban areas for employment. Afro-Brazilian descendants of miners lived on land purchased and homes constructed during the mining boom, with little to no opportunity for education, employment, or upward mobilization. This slowly began to change when in 1985 the government declared the area adjacent to Brogod o a national park. As a result, Brogod o's almost nonexistent local economy reemerged with the growing market for ecotourism. Over the last 28 years, employment through ecotourism has enabled formerly impoverished families to maintain relatively stable low-income households. Furthermore, the ecotourism economy offers women formal employment outside the home, which I attribute to dramatic changes in gender roles and marital relations. In this article, I examine how socioeconomic change-specifically a transition to an economy based in ecotourism-impacts gender roles and subsequent views on marriage and marriage dissolution. I describe how employment in the ecotourism industry transforms women's roles in society by removing them from the domestic realm, giving them a public role, and increasing their sense of relative economic independence and autonomy. I argue that these transformations influence women's decision-making process surrounding separation and divorce.In 2012, I met Dona Maria, a 95-year old Afro-Brazilian woman born and raised in Brogod o. She met and married her husband when she was 12 years old and remained married to him until his death 63 years later. Dona Maria described the suffering s...

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“… See Articulação de Mulheres Brasileiras (), Caipora (), Rezende and Lima (), and Scalon and Araújo (), for their descriptions of the treatment of women, including black women, in Brazil. Women earn less than men, the vast majority live in poverty with children, and violence against women is a problem in the country. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Brides” without Husbands: Lesbians in the Afro‐Brazilian Religion Candomblé

Allen

2012

Transforming Anthropology

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In this article, I seek to update and deepen the conversation about female same‐sex sexuality in Candomblé through description and analysis of the ethnographic data that I have gathered in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil for the past ten years. Instead of focusing on the topic of male same‐sex sexuality in the religion, which has been studied internationally by numerous scholars since the late‐1930s, I concentrate on black lesbians’ experiences in Quêto houses of Candomblé in Salvador. In the article, I argue that lesbians find different forms of affirmation in Candomblé than do gay men; these differences stem from certain theological and hierarchical aspects of the religion and from the influence of Brazilian gender and sexual ideologies on the religion. Unlike gay men, who find affirmation both as men and men who have sex with other men, lesbians are only affirmed as women and not as sexual beings in this purportedly matriarchal religion. This analysis of black lesbians’ encounters with Candomblé also highlights the inability of present‐day academic discourses about same‐sex sexuality, which typically focus on men's behavior, to describe adequately the lived experiences of black lesbians in Brazil, and throughout the African Diaspora.

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Linking gender, class and race in Brazil1

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Intersecting inequalities and the Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Brazil

Intersecting inequalities and the Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Brazil

The Other End of the Bargain: The Socioeconomics of Marital Dissolution in Rural Northeast Brazil

“Brides” without Husbands: Lesbians in the Afro‐Brazilian Religion Candomblé

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