Abstract:Purpose
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has shown great promise for vaccine against both infectious diseases and cancer. However, mRNA is unstable and requires a delivery vehicle for efficient cellular uptake and degradation protection. So far, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced delivery platform for mRNA delivery. However, no published studies have compared lipid microparticles (LMPs) with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in delivering mRNA systematically, therefore, we compared the impact of … Show more
“…There are some questions that what is the difference between microparticles and nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer? Interestingly, a recent experiment has shown that lipid microparticles have a similar potential to lipid nanostructures to deliver mRNA and impair the progression of cancer [ 47 ]. Moreover, an improvement in the cancer therapy has been obtained through application of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers such as glutathione-responsive mesoporous nanostructures that active both immune system and mediate chemotherapy in the tumor suppression [ 48 ].…”
“…There are some questions that what is the difference between microparticles and nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer? Interestingly, a recent experiment has shown that lipid microparticles have a similar potential to lipid nanostructures to deliver mRNA and impair the progression of cancer [ 47 ]. Moreover, an improvement in the cancer therapy has been obtained through application of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers such as glutathione-responsive mesoporous nanostructures that active both immune system and mediate chemotherapy in the tumor suppression [ 48 ].…”
“…[ 133 ] Due to the instability of mRNA, it sometimes requires a delivery vehicle for its cellular uptake and protects it from degradation by RNases. [ 134 ] mRNA therapeutics have had numerous applications. The use of mRNA vaccines is not limited to infectious diseases.…”
AbstractmRNA vaccines have long been recognized for their ability to induce robust immune responses. The discovery that mRNA vaccines may also contribute to anti‐tumor immunity has made them a promising therapeutic approach against cancer. Recent advances in understanding of immune system have been precious in developing therapeutic strategies that target pathways involved in tumor survival and progression, leading to the most reliable therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment history. Among all traditional cancer treatments, cancer immunotherapies are less toxic and more effective, even in advanced or recurrent stages of cancer. Recent advancements in genomics and machine learning algorithms give new insight into vaccine development. mRNA vaccines are designed to interfere with STING and TLR pathways, activating more CD8+ T‐cells involved in destroying tumor cells and inhibiting tumor growth. A stronger immune response can be achieved by incorporating immunological adjuvants alongside mRNA. Non‐formulated or vehicle‐based mRNA vaccines, when combined with adjuvants, efficiently express tumor antigens through antigen‐presenting cells and stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Co‐delivery with additional immunotherapeutic agents, such as checkpoint inhibitors, further enhances the efficacy of mRNA vaccines. This article focused on the current clinical approaches and challenges to consider when developing mRNA‐based vaccine technology for cancer treatment.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
“…In a recent study in 2023, lipid NP functionalized with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D and the self-amplifying mRNA induced memory T cell responses that prevented the relapse of subcutaneous tumors and provided strong tumor protection in mouse model [ 72 ]. Interestingly, lipid microparticles with larger size (1150 ± 100 nm) were found to elicit similar effects in cancer prevention when compared to nanoparticle (90.15 ± 2.92 nm and 300 ± 40 nm) [ 200 ]. Fig.…”
Despite recent advancements in cancer treatment, this disease still poses a serious threat to public health. Vaccines play an important role in preventing illness by preparing the body's adaptive and innate immune responses to combat diseases. As our understanding of malignancies and their connection to the immune system improves, there has been a growing interest in priming the immune system to fight malignancies more effectively and comprehensively. One promising approach involves utilizing nanoparticle systems for antigen delivery, which has been shown to potentiate immune responses as vaccines and/or adjuvants. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the immunological mechanisms of cancer vaccines while focusing specifically on the recent applications of various types of nanoparticles in the field of cancer immunotherapy. By exploring these recent breakthroughs, we hope to identify significant challenges and obstacles in making nanoparticle-based vaccines and adjuvants feasible for clinical application. This review serves to assess recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle-based cancer vaccinations and shed light on their prospects and potential barriers. By doing so, we aim to inspire future immunotherapies for cancer that harness the potential of nanotechnology to deliver more effective and targeted treatments.
Graphical abstract
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