Literature mapping: association of microscopic skin microflora and biomarkers with macroscopic skin health

Abstract

Associations between skin microbes or biomarkers and pathological conditions have been reported in the literature. However, there is a lack of clarity on the interaction between the coexistence of common skin microbes with skin physiology and subsequent development of clinical symptoms, and the role of biomarkers in mediating these changes before the development of skin disease. In this review, we aim to identify areas in which extensive research for the studied factors has already been conducted, and which research areas are under-represented. The SciFinder database was searched for articles containing key words including specific skin microbes, biomarkers, skin physiology and diseases from the beginning of the SciFinder data record to 26 April 2016, and we included an additional relevant recent publication from our group. Among the 8000 + articles selected, the frequency of keyword pairs between two roles [microscopic markers (microflora or biomarkers) and reactions (skin physiology or clinical symptoms, or skin disease)] was investigated. Associated research between the individual factors such as skin microflora or biomarkers (chosen based on our earlier publication) and specific biophysical parameters, symptoms or skin disease was identified. The present research heatmap emphasizes the significance of a structured review of research on concerned factor associations to identify early/subclinical clues that can be used to prevent progression to overt skin disease with the help of precise skin care or early intervention, as indicated by skin microflora, biomarkers and an interactive skin biophysics profile. The findings provide a novel approach to explore such associations and may guide future research directed towards predicting disease from early/subclinical symptoms.

Microbial Biosurfactant as an Alternate to Chemical Surfactants for Application in Cosmetics Industries in Personal and Skin Care Products: A Critical Review

“…Furthermore, culture-independent (16 s rRNA) and culture-dependent approaches were used to identify the four major phyla mentioned earlier from the two young individuals' volar-forearms [ 92 ]. Even though a very small percentage (around 9.7%) of Gram-ve cells were also exhibited in samples, in addition, 16 s rRNA sequencing was the primary method used to identify those Gram-ve bacterial cells [ 82 , 93 ].…”

The main stages of pharmaceutical development of emulgel “Probioskin”

“…According to many researchers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], one of the mechanisms of action of skin probiotics is antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. The study of the antimicrobial action of samples of emulgel "Probioskin" and control samples (control 1 -emulgel of the developed composition without the addition of probiotic component, control 2 -working suspension of the microorganism without samples) was performed on standard test strains of microorganisms, counting only test microorganisms as an inoculant.…”

“…In the treatment of patients with infectious dermatoses use antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracycline), which, in turn, further disrupt the natural microbiome of the skin [7]. But the presence of an antimicrobial component in complex therapy is desirable.…”

Effects of Investigational Moisturizers on the Skin Barrier and Microbiome following Exposure to Environmental Aggressors: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Ex Vivo Analysis

“…The skin is the largest organ of the human body; it interfaces with the external environment and adapts to it, while protecting it against environmental aggressors. In addition to the skin’s outermost physical barrier (the stratum corneum), a microbial barrier of commensal and transiting microflora protect the skin from mechanical and chemical intrusions [ 1 ]. The skin microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining human health and the disruption of its balance can lead to skin diseases [ 2 , 3 ].…”