Lithium Extracting from Zinnwaldite: Economical Comparison of an Adapted Spodumene and a Direct‐Carbonation Process

Rentsch, Lars; Martin, Gunther; Bertau, Martin; Höck, Michael

doi:10.1002/ceat.201700604

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The extraction yield of lithium, rubidium, and cesium was 94.2%, 91.8%, and 89.2%, respectively, after 10 h continuous leaching at 138°C. In addition, Liu et al [75] also tried two-stage leaching with 6.21 mol/L hydrochloric acid. 95.7% lithium was extracted with 8 h leaching at 108°C and the reaction is shown in reaction (35).…”

Section: Diluted Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Liu

Lü

et al. 2022

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century. Because of the development trend of global electrification, the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade, and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time. Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market, lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries. This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources. Existing methods are summarized by the main resources, such as spodumene, lepidolite, and brine. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared. Finally, reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods. This review provides a reference for the research, development, optimization, and industrial application of future processes.

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Section: Diluted Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Liu

Lü

et al. 2022

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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“…For this reason, the digestion solution is heated to 90 to 95 • C and the target product is precipitated in the process. The precipitation behavior of Li 2 CO 3 in such digestion solutions has been extensively investigated in previous studies, so it was omitted here [15,21,22,27]. Direct carbonation (COOL-Process) of black mass has the advantage of leaving other valuable metals, such as Co, Mn, and Ni, in the leaching residue from where they can be recycled with ease according to established techniques.…”

Section: Model Equation and Optimummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study by Rentsch et al was able to show that the higher investment costs compared to conventional processes are already compensated by low operating costs after about two years. The low operating costs are due to a low chemical requirement and less complex wastewater treatment [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries

Pavón

Kaiser

Mende

et al. 2021

Metals

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The global market of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been growing in recent years, mainly owed to electromobility. The global LIB market is forecasted to amount to $129.3 billion in 2027. Considering the global reserves needed to produce these batteries and their limited lifetime, efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are mandatory. A selective process for Li recycling from LIB black mass is described. Depending on the process parameters Li was recovered almost quantitatively by the COOL-Process making use of the selective leaching properties of supercritical CO2/water. Optimization of this direct carbonization process was carried out by a design of experiments (DOE) using a 33 Box-Behnken design. Optimal reaction conditions were 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 90 mL/g, yielding 98.6 ± 0.19 wt.% Li. Almost quantitative yield (99.05 ± 0.64 wt.%), yet at the expense of higher energy consumption, was obtained with 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 120 mL/g. Mainly Li and Al were mobilized, which allows for selectively precipitating Li2CO3 in battery grade-quality (>99.8 wt.%) without the need for further refining. Valuable metals, such as Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Mn, remained in the solid residue (97.7 wt.%), from where they are recovered by established processes. Housing materials were separated mechanically, thus recycling LIB without residues. This holistic zero waste-approach allows for recovering the critical raw material Li from both primary and secondary sources.

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“…and ) shows that the process costs are high while the quantities of chemicals required and waste amounts to be disposed of are substantial (Tab. ) .…”

Section: Circular Resources Chemistry As Future Concept – Basic Matermentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Securing of the Raw Materials Base

Bertau

2019

ChemBioEng Reviews

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The growth in human population results in an increasing demand for raw materials. Recycling is a way to reduce the primary raw materials demand, but growing dilution of technology metals in consumer products and continuous shortening of life cycles lead to an increasing demand for such primary raw materials. In addition, the quality of secondary raw materials is lower compared to primary mining products. However, in circular resources chemistry, the raw materials are processed independent from their source, i.e., it does not matter if they come from mining, recycling, or renewable resources, and they always have primary product quality.

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Lithium Extracting from Zinnwaldite: Economical Comparison of an Adapted Spodumene and a Direct‐Carbonation Process

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries

Future Securing of the Raw Materials Base

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