Lithium extraction from high Mg/Li brine via electrochemical intercalation/de-intercalation system using LiMn2O4 materials

Xu, Wenhua; He, Lihua; Zhao, Zhongwei

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.114935

Cited by 116 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…2c), comparable with that in the literature and practical applications. 16,23,44,45 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of FePO 4 and LiFePO 4 electrodes before and after the eight-cycle operation validated the good material stability without obvious structural and phase changes (Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Consequently, the Mg/Li ratio was lowered from 65.89 to 0.14, indicating that the as-obtained recovery solution was quali ed for preparing battery-grade Li 2 CO 3 . 16,23 We then continued the Li extraction for another seven cycles by reusing the electrodes and controlling the applied voltage at 0.70 V. As displayed in Fig. 2a In contrast, the extraction rates of Mg + and Ca 2+ were below 5.01 and 0.65 µmol/cm 2 /h, respectively, throughout the cyclic operation (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17][18][19][20] This process is even more appealing if it is powered by off-grid solar energy because 1) most Li resources are located in depopulated areas, such as plateaus and deserts, where the construction, operation, and maintenance of the distributed power grid are expensive; 21,22 and 2) an independent and decarbonized renewable energy supply could allow system exibility in location and time, and increase sustainability. Despite some notable progress in designing Li-selective adsorption/desorption materials, such as FePO 4 /LiFePO 4 15,16 and LiMnO 2 /λ-MnO 2 , 20,23 electrochemical Li extraction from low-grade salt lake brine has not yet been commercially viable. It was revealed that the limiting step is no longer the intrinsic Li adsorption/desorption capacity of electrode materials; instead, it is the sluggish Li-ion transport in the supporting aqueous electrolytes that leads to low Li extraction rates below 3.9 milligram of Li per gram of active materials per hour (mg/g/h), far from industrially mature (Supplementary Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solar-driven ultrafast lithium extraction from low-grade brine using microfluidics-mediated vortex in scalable electrochemical reactors

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Electrochemical lithium (Li) extraction from low-grade salt lake brine, when powered by off-grid renewables, represents a potential approach to meeting the substantially increasing demand for battery-grade Li2CO3. However, this technology has been drastically challenged by the low extraction rate and high production cost, largely due to the lack of research on reactor engineering and system scale-out. Herein, we rationally designed a scalable spiral-microstructured electrochemical reactor (SMER) to accomplish ultrafast and economical Li extraction under harsh brine conditions by virtue of significantly accelerated mass transfer. We showcased that the SMER was stably operated at a Li extraction rate over 5.6 times as much as that of state-of-art devices, and could be up-scaled for commercial production of battery-grade Li2CO3 driven by solar cells. This work lays the ground for sustainable Li extraction from remote low-grade salt lake brine and can be readily applied to more minable Li reserves/resources.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solar-driven ultrafast lithium extraction from low-grade brine using microfluidics-mediated vortex in scalable electrochemical reactors

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Steady-state solutions are used to study the performance of the system. The governing Equations ( 1)-( 5) are solved with the above boundary conditions ( 6)- (10).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because magnesium and lithium elements possess similar chemical properties, and magnesium must be removed in most lithium applications [5,6]. So far, several methods have been developed for extracting lithium from salt lake brines, such as precipitation [7,8], adsorption [9], solvent extraction [10,11], calcination [12], and membrane approaches [13,14], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Continuous Extraction of Li+ from High Mg2+/Li+ Ratio Brines Based on Free Flow Ion Concentration Polarization Microfluidic System

Zhang

Xing

et al. 2021

Membranes

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Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is a promising mechanism for concentrating and/or separating charged molecules. This work simulates the extraction of Li+ ions in a diluted high Mg2+/Li+ ratio salt lake brines based on free flow ICP focusing (FF-ICPF). The model solution of diluted brine continuously flows through the system with Li+ slightly concentrated and Mg2+ significantly removed by ICP driven by external pressure and perpendicular electric field. In a typical case, our results showed that this system could focus Li+ concentration by ~1.28 times while decreasing the Mg2+/Li+ ratio by about 85% (from 40 to 5.85). Although Li+ and Mg2+ ions are not separated as an end product, which is preferably required by the lithium industry, this method is capable of decreasing the Mg2+/Li+ ratio significantly and has great potential as a preprocessing technology for lithium extraction from salt lake brines.

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Electrochemically Mediated Lithium Extraction for Energy and Environmental Sustainability

Zeng,

Li,

Wan

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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The demand for lithium resources is growing rapidly due to the continuous development of the lithium‐ion battery, which plays an important part in the renewable energy industry. Global sources of lithium are ores and brine, of which 59% are distributed in saline brine. However, the significant lithium resources in saline brine have not been fully utilized. The electrochemical deintercalation method (EDM) for lithium extraction from saline brine is a promising technique because of its environmental friendliness, high selectivity, and cost‐effectiveness. Nevertheless, the application of EDM is greatly limited by the easy dissolution of electrode materials like LiMn2O4 and the cost of mass production. Also, there are a few existing review articles on the EDM for lithium extraction. To address this gap, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current methods for lithium extraction from saline brine, systematically summarizes the technical status of the EDM, and pays special attention to the preparation method and modification of electrode materials. This review gives new insight into the mechanism of EDM and provides a new design strategy for the evaluation methods of EDM.

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Lithium extraction from high Mg/Li brine via electrochemical intercalation/de-intercalation system using LiMn2O4 materials

Cited by 116 publications

References 31 publications

Solar-driven ultrafast lithium extraction from low-grade brine using microfluidics-mediated vortex in scalable electrochemical reactors

Solar-driven ultrafast lithium extraction from low-grade brine using microfluidics-mediated vortex in scalable electrochemical reactors

Numerical Simulation of Continuous Extraction of Li+ from High Mg2+/Li+ Ratio Brines Based on Free Flow Ion Concentration Polarization Microfluidic System

Electrochemically Mediated Lithium Extraction for Energy and Environmental Sustainability

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