Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery for 12-Voltage Applications: Experiment, Modelling, and Validation

Abstract

Modelling, simulation, and validation of the 12-volt battery pack using a 20 Ah lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt–oxide cell is presented in this paper. The cell characteristics influenced by thermal effects are also considered in the modelling. The parameters normalized directly from a single cell experiment are foundations of the model. This approach provides a systematic integration of actual cell monitoring with a module model that contains four cells connected in series. The validated battery module model then is utilized to form a high fidelity 80 Ah 12-volt battery pack with 14.4 V nominal voltage. The battery cell thermal effectiveness and battery module management system functions are constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The experimental tests are carried out in an industry-scale setup with cycler unit, temperature control chamber, and computer-controlled software for battery testing. As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI), stop–start engine idling elimination, and stationary energy storage applications, this paper investigates the influence of ambient temperature and charging/discharging currents on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity. The proposed simulation model provides design guidelines for lithium-ion polymer batteries in electrified vehicles and stationary electric energy storage applications.

Assessment of the Impact of Electric Vehicle Batteries in the Non-Linear Control of DC Microgrids

“…The equivalent electric circuit model is used to present a modified feature in this paper, as per [32,33]. Figure 3 represents a Simulink model with three inputs (the discharging current, the initial SOC that ranges from 0% to 100%, and the battery capacity), which depend on the battery model.…”

“…This model uses three initial parameters to calculate the real-time SOC: the initial SOC noted as SOC 0 , the discharging current I, and the usable capacity C. Based on [33], the SOC could be calculated, as per:…”

“…To determine the most suitable RC values, an interpolation-extrapolation lookup method is used. According to [33], the series resistor for the developed model is equal to 0.001 Ω when the SOC is between 20-100% SOC, and 0.03 Ω is below 20%, regardless of the discharging current value. In order to have more precise resistors values, the graphs' values on the experience of [34] are taken here.…”

“…The cell voltage for a SOC of 80% should have been 3.6 V instead of 3.92 V. It is higher because RC values are just an approximation based on [33], which creates these inaccuracies. Accordingly, the battery cell model is not entirely accurate.…”

“…This current load returns back in the connected microgrid model. There is also a look-up table that calculates the battery's internal resistance value, depending on the battery pack output voltage, which was obtained from [33]. Note that the microgrid has three input voltages sources, which are: PV (150 V), a storage battery (350 V), and a supercapacitor (136 V).…”