Lithium–sulfur batteries: Influence of C-rate, amount of electrolyte and sulfur loading on cycle performance

Brückner, Jan; Thieme, Sören; Grossmann, Hannah Tamara; Dörfler, Susanne; Althues, Holger; Kaskel, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.143

Cited by 147 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…After the first cycle, a slight increase in U 1 and U 2 was observed for both electrodes because of the decrease in the overpotential resulting from the rearrangement of micron-sized sulfur. 33 The U 1 and U 2 values of GQDs-S/CB were higher than those of S/CB over 100 cycles, which confirms that the GQDs-S/CB composite has relatively low resistance to the discharge process at each cycle. In contrast, Q 1 and Q 2 exhibit quite different behavior between GQDs-S/CB and S/CB, as shown in Figure 3d.…”

Section: Electrochemical Tests For Li-s Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The reaction kinetics for the formation of HOPSs is fast; thus, Q 1 is less affected by high current density. 33 However, a significant decrease in Q 2 was observed at higher current density, which is attributed to the slow reduction due to the low electrical conductivity of LOPSs or limited reaction sites. The Q 2 /Q 1 ratios in S/CB were 2.36 and 1.27, at 0.1C and 2C, respectively, whereas higher Q 2 /Q 1 ratios, 2.55 (at 0.1 C) and 1.75 (at 2 C), were achieved in GQDs-S/CB, which indicates that efficient utilization of sulfur occurred through the facile charge transfer and the high density of reaction sites.…”

Section: Electrochemical Tests For Li-s Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene quantum dots: structural integrity and oxygen functional groups for high sulfur/sulfide utilization in lithium sulfur batteries

et al. 2016

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are expected to overcome the limit of current energy storage devices by delivering high specific energy with low material cost. However, the potential of Li-S batteries has not yet been realized because of several technical barriers. Poor electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the low electrical conductivity of the fully charged and discharged species, the irreversible loss of polysulfide anions and the decrease in the number of electrochemically active reaction sites during battery operation. Here, we report that the introduction of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) into the sulfur cathode dramatically enhanced sulfur/sulfide utilization, yielding high performance. In addition, the GQDs induced structural integrity of the sulfur-carbon electrode composite by oxygen-rich functional groups. This hierarchical architecture enabled fast charge transfer while minimizing the loss of lithium polysulfides, which is attributed to the physicochemical properties of GQDs. The mechanisms through which excellent cycling and rate performance are achieved were thoroughly studied by analyzing capacity versus voltage profiles. Furthermore, experimental observations and theoretical calculations further clarified the role played by GQDs by proving that C-S bonding occurs. Thus, the introduction of GQDs into Li-S batteries will provide an important breakthrough allowing their use as high-performance and low-cost batteries for next-generation energy storage systems. INTRODUCTIONRechargeable lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various applications, such as portable devices, bio-medical implants and electric vehicles, because of their high energy and power density. 1,2 However, current lithium-ion batteries based on the graphite and transition metal oxide couple have nearly reached their ceiling with respect to storage capability because of the limitations associated with their electrical properties and crystal structure. Therefore, breakthroughs in new energy storage systems that can surpass the current performance barrier of lithium-ion batteries should be brought about in a timely manner. Recently, Li-S batteries that can operate by the reversible electrochemical transformation between sulfur (S 8 ) and dilithium sulfide (Li 2 S) have attracted great attention because they can deliver high energy with a moderate voltage owing to the direct use of

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Section: Electrochemical Tests For Li-s Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Electrochemical Tests For Li-s Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene quantum dots: structural integrity and oxygen functional groups for high sulfur/sulfide utilization in lithium sulfur batteries

et al. 2016

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“…The best results of homogeneity in VACNT transfer is observed by a roll pressing force of 300 N (Figure 3). The main principle of this film transfer of VACNT to primer-coated aluminum foil was described by Brückner et al using a static process [23]. While, with lower pressing forces, large areas of non-transferred VACNT are obtained, higher values of applied pressing force cause a deformation of VACNT and transfer of platelets of the Al2O3 buffer layer (Figure 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confocal Microscopy for Process Monitoring and Wide-Area Height Determination of Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests

et al. 2015

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Confocal microscopy is introduced as a new and generally applicable method for the characterization of the vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) forest height. With this technique process control is significantly intensified. The topography of the substrate and VACNT can be mapped with a height resolution down to 15 nm. The advantages of confocal microscopy, compared to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are demonstrated by investigating the growth kinetics of VACNT using Al2O3 buffer layers with varying thicknesses. A process optimization using confocal microscopy for fast VACNT forest height evaluation is presented.

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“…The electrochemical properties of the cell were effectively enhanced by the addition of LiNO 3 , which provided a stable and protective solid-electrolyte interface on a lithium surface. An excess amount of electrolyte and low loading of sulfur have significantly enhanced the cycle life and capacity retention of Li-S cells (Brückner et al, 2014). However, the energy density of the cell was reduced due to the dead weight of the liquid electrolyte.…”

Section: Non-aqueous Liquid Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Electrolytes for Lithiumâ€“Sulfur Batteries

Angulakshmi

Stephan

2015

Front. Energy Res.

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This review article mainly encompasses on the state-of-the-art electrolytes for lithiumsulfur batteries. Different strategies have been employed to address the issues of lithiumsulfur batteries across the world. One among them is identification of electrolytes and optimization of their properties for the applications in lithium-sulfur batteries. The electrolytes for lithium-sulfur batteries are broadly classified as (i) non-aqueous liquid electrolytes, (ii) ionic liquids, (iii) solid polymer, and (iv) glass-ceramic electrolytes. This article presents the properties, advantages, and limitations of each type of electrolytes. Also, the importance of electrolyte additives on the electrochemical performance of Li-S cells is discussed.

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Lithium–sulfur batteries: Influence of C-rate, amount of electrolyte and sulfur loading on cycle performance

Cited by 147 publications

References 29 publications

Graphene quantum dots: structural integrity and oxygen functional groups for high sulfur/sulfide utilization in lithium sulfur batteries

Graphene quantum dots: structural integrity and oxygen functional groups for high sulfur/sulfide utilization in lithium sulfur batteries

Confocal Microscopy for Process Monitoring and Wide-Area Height Determination of Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests

Efficient Electrolytes for Lithiumâ€“Sulfur Batteries

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