Lithographically fabricated disposable bismuth-film electrodes for the trace determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

“…More recently, however bismuth precursors have been synthesized such as bismuth nanopowders and directly cast onto screen printed carbon substrates with Nafion [113,149]. Finally, lithographic sputtering has been shown in more recent years to also successfully produce bismuth sensors having been applied to the determination of nickel [140] and lead and cadmium [145].…”

“…Great diversity exists in the use of BiEs for the determination of heavy metals in food samples including wine and fruit juice [28,37,74,139,150,169,188], various vegetable samples (potato and maize [77], sugar cane [142], garlic [144], cabbage, lettuce and celery [160]), meat samples (sausage, tuna and sardines [186]) and other samples including tomato sauce [28], tea leaves [64,116] and tobacco [33]. While various natural and marine water samples make up the bulk of environmental samples, BiEs have also been applied to complex sewage samples [128,181], plant extracts [75,86], fertilizer samples [103,145] and a number of soil samples [33,34,39,49,55,104,141]. Further interesting applications have included gun shot residue [167], medical formulations (anti-inflammatory drugs [117,182], antibiotic drugs [97], and Chinese medical products [54]) the analysis of various metallurgical samples including iron ore [35,103], bronze [82], phosphate rock samples [87], dolomite [78] and finally the leaching of lead from Moroccan traditional cookware [185].…”

“…At first, there was a very profound influence of new technologies and various "hi-tech" products in designing novel configurations of bismuth-based electrodes. Perhaps the most evident reflection of new technologies could be seen on a dynamic development of various disposable screen-printed [134, 137, 141, 154 -156, 159] or lithographically sputtered [145] sensing units with the respective measurements functioning via bismuth or its compounds (see [141,155]). Furthermore, for the first time in electroanalysis with BiEs and BiFEs, also popular nanotubes [135,137,151] had been incorporated into some configurations; namely, as "ultrasensitive and absorption-promoting" constituents of new composite films for heavy metal detection [135,151] or as carbon material giving rise to a "more electrochemically sensitive" support for Bi-films compared to other carbonaceous substrates [137].…”

“…New or innovated methods for the triad of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) had included their determination in model solutions [129,130,146,148,157,161], natural (often river) [137, 139, 145, 153 -156], tap [134,135,139,143,151,159], and industrial waste waters [128,134,141], white wine [139], soil extracts [141,154], synthetic fertilizer [145], vegetables [160,163], medicinal herbs [162], or even in whole blood [133]. Other metal and metalloid species included Tl(I) ion and its determination in the presence of EDTA [149], Fe(III) in seawater [136], Co(II) and /or Ni(II) in river and spiked waters [140,152], or As(III) in river and seawater specimens [158].…”

A novel tin-bismuth alloy electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of zinc

“…Bismuth offers the closest behavior to mercury but with very low toxicity [15]. Both in situ or ex situ bismuth film electrode (BiFE) [16][17][18][19] and bulk bismuth electrode (BiBE) [20][21][22] display a very attractive stripping behavior. Some concerns were also focused on tin film electrode because the position of tin and bismuth is catercorner in periodic table of the elements and tin has analogical character of bismuth [23][24][25].…”