Live Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography of the Human Fetus

Maulik, Dev; Nanda, Navin C.; Singh, Vikramjit; Dod, Harvinder S.; Vengala, Srinivas; Sinha, Ashish; Sidhu, Maninder Singh; Khanna, Deepak; Lysikiewicz, Andrzej; Sicuranza, Genevieve; Modh, Nayana

doi:10.1111/j.0742-2822.2003.03166.x

Cited by 73 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The frame rate of the system, the number of pictures per second (the frame rate being in the region of 20-28 frames per second), is fairly adequate in order to resolve the definition of the heart as it moves. There have been some reports on real-time 3D sonographic observation of the fetal heart in the normal fetus and those with congenital heart diseases [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Real-time 3d Fetal Echocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern 3D/4D sonographic studies on fetal heart

Hata

2006

The Ultrasound Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology

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We present herein modern three-dimensional (3D)/four-dimensional (4D) sonographic studies on fetal heart using 4D or real-time 3D fetal echocardiography, 3D/4D color/power Doppler ultrasound and 3D/4D high definition (HD)-flow, 3D/4D B-flow, and 3D/4D inversion mode. 3D/4D ultrasound provides a novel means for evaluation of fetal heart in 3D in real time, and of fetal intracardiac hemodynamics in the second and third trimesters. These novel techniques may assist in the evaluation of fetal cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics, and offer the potential advantages relative to conventional twodimensional fetal echocardiography and Doppler flow mapping. 3D/4D ultrasound may be an important modality in future fetal cardiac research and in evaluation of congenital heart disease in the fetus.

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Section: Real-time 3d Fetal Echocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern 3D/4D sonographic studies on fetal heart

Hata

2006

The Ultrasound Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology

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“…2,6 One of the major advantages of real-time 3D echocardiography is the fact that cardiac gating is not required. Because real-time 3D imaging yields volumetric data instantaneously, it also remains unaffected by random fetal motion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 There have been several reports on real-time 3-dimensional (3D) sonographic examination of the fetal heart. [2][3][4][5][6][7] One of the major advantages of real-time 3D echocardiography is that gating of the heart rate is not required. Using such a system, rendered 3D images of the beating fetal heart can be obtained instantaneously.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐time 3‐dimensional echocardiographic features of fetal cardiac tumor

Hata

Yan

Dai

et al. 2007

J of Clinical Ultrasound

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We present a case of fetal cardiac tumors diagnosed using conventional 2-dimensional (2D) fetal echocardiography and real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. Conventional 2D echocardiography revealed multiple cardiac tumors involving the right atrium, interventricular septum, and right and left ventricles. Real-time 3D echocardiography with instantaneous volume rendering showed the cardiac tumors in motion. The advantages and disadvantages of real-time 3D fetal echocardiography are discussed.

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“…Ninety volume datasets were randomly selected for blinded analysis for the identification of CHDs. The authors reported that the median (range) sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as false positives and false negatives for the identification of fetuses with CHDs were: 93% (77-100), 96% (84-100), 96% (83-100), 93% (79-100), 4.8% (2.7-25), 6.8% (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) respectively. Moreover, there was excellent inter-centre agreement (Kappa = 0.97) in the identification of CHDs.…”

Section: Accuracy and Reproducibility Of 4d Us In The Prenatal Diagnomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accumulating evidence indicates that 4D US facilitates examination of the fetal heart [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] . Thus, 4D fetal echocardiography has the potential to reduce the operator dependency of two-dimensional (2D) US.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Spatio-Temporal Imaging Correlation (Stic) in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects

Espinoza

2014

Fet. Matern. Med. Rev.

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INTRODUCTIONSpatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is a feature of four-dimensional ultrasonography (4D US) that allows the acquisition of volume datasets akin to blocks of pathological specimens, where all the anatomical information is contained in the block and the information displayed depends on the level at which the block is cut. STIC has the additional advantages that these planes can be assessed in a virtual beating heart, and that rendering techniques can be used to gain additional insight into the structure and function of the fetal heart.With the use of STIC, volume datasets from fetal heart are acquired with a single automated sweep of the transducer, spatial and temporal information are combined to display images that can be extracted from volume datasets. Thus, standard planes for fetal echocardiography, including the four-chamber view, left and right outflow tracts can be obtained from the volume datasets at the time of the sonographic examination or afterwards and novel planes for fetal echocardiography can also be obtained. In addition to this anatomic information, functional information of the fetal heart can be obtained, including the direction of blood flow if the volume dataset was obtained with color Doppler or high definition (HD) power Doppler.Accumulating evidence indicates that 4D US facilitates examination of the fetal heart 1-12 . Thus, 4D fetal echocardiography has the potential to reduce the operator dependency of two-dimensional (2D) US. Prenatal diagnosis of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs) is challenging because of the complexity of the fetal heart and the expertise required in performing fetal echocardiography. In addition, fetal and maternal motion, maternal body mass index, gestational age, adequacy of the amniotic fluid volume and fetal position are important factors that can affect image quality. Prenatal diagnosis of CHDs is important because unrecognized CHDs may be associated with worse neonatal outcome. This paper reviews some technical aspects of 4D US, including volume acquisition and rendering, displays modalities in 4D US and summarizes the evidence evaluating the accuracy and reproducibility of 4D US in the prenatal diagnosis of CHDs. ACQUISITION OF VOLUME DATASETS WITH 4D US AND STIC Volume acquisition with mechanical transducersThis is performed with an automated sweep of the transducer, acquiring sequential frames at a rapid rate. Acquisition time ranges from 5 to 15 sec; the longer the acquisition time, the better the spatial resolution. During acquisition, on the basis of changes in the cardiac motion, the STIC algorithm detects the fetal heart rate and synchronizes 2D images. Frames acquired during the same phase in the cardiac cycle are merged into one volume dataset representing approximately 40 volumes. After analysis and rearrangement, the dynamic images are displayed on the screen in three planes that are orthogonal to each other 8 .The image quality contained in an STIC volume dataset can be improved by optimizing the settings before acquisition. This c...

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Live Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography of the Human Fetus

Cited by 73 publications

References 11 publications

Modern 3D/4D sonographic studies on fetal heart

Modern 3D/4D sonographic studies on fetal heart

Real‐time 3‐dimensional echocardiographic features of fetal cardiac tumor

The Role of Spatio-Temporal Imaging Correlation (Stic) in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects

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