LNDIR: A lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval-based routing for duty-cycled sensor networks

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks are composed of low-energy, small-size, and low-range unattended sensor nodes. Recently, it has been observed that by periodically turning on and off the sensing and communication capabilities of sensor nodes, we can significantly reduce the active time and thus prolong network lifetime. However, this duty cycling may result in high network latency, routing overhead, and neighbor discovery delays due to asynchronous sleep and wake-up scheduling. These limitations call for a countermeasure for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks which should minimize routing information, routing traffic load, and energy consumption. In this article, we propose a lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval routing referred as LNDIR. This scheme can discover minimum latency routes at each non-increasing delivery-latency interval instead of each time slot. Simulation experiments demonstrated the validity of this novel approach in minimizing routing information stored at each sensor. Furthermore, this novel routing can also guarantee the minimum delivery latency from each source to the sink. Performance improvements of up to 12-fold and 11-fold are observed in terms of routing traffic load reduction and energy efficiency, respectively, as compared to existing schemes.

A Fuzzy System based Approach to Extend Network Lifetime for En-Route Filtering Schemes in WSNs

“…This results in network partition(s) and severely effects network lifetime. In [11], a light-weight routing was presented to safe energy in sensor networks. In this work we use energy consumption model widely used [12].…”

Self-Adjustable Active Sequence to Reduce Latency in Duty Cycle WSNs

“…How to use energy effectively and extend the lifetime of the network is another vital research issue [9], [26], [36]. Sensor nodes adopt the duty cycle working mode to save energy, which is a practical way to save energy [25], [26], [37], [38]. In the duty cycle mode, the nodes awake and sleep periodically [25], [26], [37], [38].…”

“…Sensor nodes adopt the duty cycle working mode to save energy, which is a practical way to save energy [25], [26], [37], [38]. In the duty cycle mode, the nodes awake and sleep periodically [25], [26], [37], [38]. Since the energy consumption of nodes in the sleep state is 1/100 or even 1/1000 of that in the active state, it is superior for nodes to be sleepy to save energy as far as possible.…”

“…Since the energy consumption of nodes in the sleep state is 1/100 or even 1/1000 of that in the active state, it is superior for nodes to be sleepy to save energy as far as possible. However, when the node is sleepy, it cannot sense, receive and send data [25], [26], [37], [38]. Therefore, when the sender node has data to send, but the receiver node is in sleep state, the sender node must wait for the receiver node to wake up before data routing.…”

“…In order to avoid wasting energy in vain when the sender needs to send packet, then an effective routing scheduling strategy has been proposed, which is to find its own route according to the active slots of the forwarding nodes. That is to say, each node stores a routing table, which stores the minimum delay to reach the next hop and the relay node selected at each slot [38]. In this way, each node can know its relay node and slot to send packets by looking up the routing table when it has data transmission [38].…”