Loneliness, social problem solving, and negative affective symptoms: Negative problem orientation as a key mechanism

Why are conservatives less concerned about the coronavirus (COVID-19) than liberals? Comparing political, experiential, and partisan messaging explanations

“…To analyze the degree that experiences, political motives, and partisan messaging accounted for the conservatism➔perceived COVID-19 threat relationship, we performed a series of mediational analyses according to recommended current practices ( Darlington & Hayes, 2017 ; Hayes, 2018 ) and commonly used to partition variance in cross-sectional individual differences research (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ). Specifically, in line with recent individual differences research (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ), we computed bootstrapped indirect effect sizes (using 5000 samples) and confidence intervals (using 5000 samples) that tested the degree that there was an indirect effect in a conservatism➔potential mediator➔perceived COVID-19 threat model, such that conservatism was operating on perceived threat through the mediator. 4 All tests reported in Table 1 evaluated only the mediating variable listed in the left-hand column (and thus did not control for the other mediating variables).…”

“…Instead, we were interested in our primary research question: Which of these three potential explanations would best account for conservative/liberal differences in concern with the pandemic? To investigate these different potential reasons for conservatives' (relative) lack of concern with the pandemic, we followed standard practices for mediational models used in other personality/individual differences research (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ; Hilbig et al, 2013 ). Applied to cross-sectional individual differences measurements, such approaches cannot of course assert temporal causality, but instead are useful for partitioning variance to better understand the best explanatory framework underlying relationships between individual difference variables (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ; Hilbig et al, 2013 ).…”

“…To investigate these different potential reasons for conservatives' (relative) lack of concern with the pandemic, we followed standard practices for mediational models used in other personality/individual differences research (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ; Hilbig et al, 2013 ). Applied to cross-sectional individual differences measurements, such approaches cannot of course assert temporal causality, but instead are useful for partitioning variance to better understand the best explanatory framework underlying relationships between individual difference variables (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ; Hilbig et al, 2013 ). Thus, in manner identical to prior research (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ), we here applied modern bootstrapping techniques to more fully understand the relationship between ideology and perceived COVID-19 threat in the United States.…”

“…Applied to cross-sectional individual differences measurements, such approaches cannot of course assert temporal causality, but instead are useful for partitioning variance to better understand the best explanatory framework underlying relationships between individual difference variables (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ; Hilbig et al, 2013 ). Thus, in manner identical to prior research (e.g., Chang et al, 2020 ; Freis & Hansen-Brown, 2021 ), we here applied modern bootstrapping techniques to more fully understand the relationship between ideology and perceived COVID-19 threat in the United States.…”

Health Belief Model, Self-Control, and Smoking Frequencies among Students as an Active Smokers

“…On the other hand, they cannot stop their smoking behavior because they already believe that cigarettes have been used as a self-help and have a positive effect on themselves, such as having peace, can eliminate boredom, can eliminate stress, or provide inspiration even though they know precisely the dangers posed by the objects. They believe they can eliminate tension or loneliness, give them an ability to solve problems, and it is even thought to increase concentration (Chang et al, 2020). But cigarettes are time-bombs that can cause diseases such as, coronary heart disease, impotension, cancer, and so many other diseases.…”