Long Non-Coding RNAs, Novel Offenders or Guardians in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. MS results in serious neurological dysfunctions and disability. Disturbances in coding and non-coding genes are key components leading to neurodegeneration along with environmental factors. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are long molecules in cells that take part in the regulation of gene expression. Several studies have confirmed the role of lncRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. In the current study, we performed a systematic analysis of the role of lncRNAs in this disorder. In total, 53 studies were recognized as eligible for this systematic review. Of the listed lncRNAs, 52 lncRNAs were upregulated, 37 lncRNAs were downregulated, and 11 lncRNAs had no significant expression difference in MS patients compared with controls. We also summarized some of the mechanisms of lncRNA functions in MS. The emerging role of lncRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases suggests that their dysregulation could trigger neuronal death via still unexplored RNA-based regulatory mechanisms. Evaluation of their diagnostic significance and therapeutic potential could help in the design of novel treatments for MS.

Circulating long noncodingRNAs in Mild Cognitive Impairment patients’ blood

“…Not only DNA methylation and histone modi cation, but also a combination of ncRNAs and transcription factor (TF) are involved in genome epigenetic modi cations. Several studies on the role of lncRNAs suggest that their dysregulation could trigger neuronal death via still unexplored RNA-based regulatory mechanisms [14].…”

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy and non-coding RNA

“…In addition, as a co-occurring disease closely related to IIM, multiple lncRNA markers were found in omics tests. Notably, lncRNA-TNF-associated immunomodulatory lncRNA (THRIL) detected in muscle can regulate TNF-α promoters by interacting with heteroribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) ( 64 ). These studies suggest that TNF-α regulates DM-induced hyperinflammation and that ncRNAs are closely associated with TNF-α expression ( 1 ).…”

Noncoding RNAs in the Glycolysis of Ovarian Cancer

“…LncRNAs are a category of noncoding RNAs with over 200 nucleotides in length, tissue specificity and low species conservation ( Jalaiei et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ). LncRNAs bind to proteins through their unique secondary structure to form RNA-protein complexes ( Dashti et al, 2021 ; Janaththani et al, 2021 ; Mardani et al, 2021 ) and interact with multiple RNAs to form complex gene expression regulatory networks ( Sun and Feinberg 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ).…”