Long-term monitoring of the conditions of lakes: the example of the English Lake District

Kadiri, M. O.; Reynolds, C. S.

doi:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/129/1993/157

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…In a 1928 survey of the phytoplankton, Pearsall (1932) observed no definite spring diatom maximum which he attributed to the low calcium content of the water, and a winter period during which a few diatoms (e.g. Kadiri & Reynolds (1993), in their comparative study of phytoplankton data from 1978 and 1984 with the data of Gorham et al (1974) from the 1950s to 1960s, revealed very sparse phytoplankton populations in both datasets and noted a Cyclotella-dominated vernal diatom growth with a high level of constancy in oligotrophic conditions. Kadiri & Reynolds (1993), in their comparative study of phytoplankton data from 1978 and 1984 with the data of Gorham et al (1974) from the 1950s to 1960s, revealed very sparse phytoplankton populations in both datasets and noted a Cyclotella-dominated vernal diatom growth with a high level of constancy in oligotrophic conditions.…”

Section: Wastwatermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Talling & Heaney (1988) reported that up to 67% of the P loading to the lake was attributable to sewage discharge from Hawkshead sewage treatment works and thus, since 1986, P has been removed from that sewage effluent. Kadiri & Reynolds (1993). Kadiri & Reynolds (1993).…”

Section: Site Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gorham et al (1974) refined this classification into three groups of low, intermediate and high fertility on the basis of algal standing crop, sedimented plant pigments and water chemistry. For other lakes in the area, however, historical data are limited, although Kadiri & Reynolds (1993) compared phytoplankton data collected in 1978 and 1984 with those collected by Gorham et al (1974) in the 1950-60s and explored changes in lake water quality over a period of two to three decades for a group of 20 lakes. In the English Lake District, as elsewhere, these changes include eutrophication, acidification and increased heavy metal pollution (Sutcliffe, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes

2000

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1. A sediment core (representing 250–300 years) was taken from each of three lakes of conservation interest and contrasting trophic status in the English Lake District: Wastwater, Bassenthwaite Lake and Esthwaite Water. Lithostratigraphic analyses, radiometric dating and analysis of fossil diatoms were carried out.  2. Transfer functions, based on the diatoms, were used to reconstruct total phosphorus (TP) and, thus, eutrophication at the study lakes. In Wastwater, changes in lake pH were also reconstructed.  3. The lakes were also classified according to their present macrophyte flora, the latter being compared with previous records.  4. The fossil diatoms of Wastwater were continuously dominated by taxa typical of oligotrophic, circumneutral waters, indicating that the lake has not been enriched or acidified in the last 250 years. The aquatic macrophyte flora has probably remained unchanged since before the Industrial Revolution.  5. The diatom assemblages of both Bassenthwaite Lake and Esthwaite Water began to change in the mid‐1800s. Further change occurred from the 1960s, at the onset of a recent period of eutrophication. These two lakes have experienced continued nutrient enrichment throughout the 1970s, 80s and 90s, largely associated with increasing phosphorus inputs from sewage effluent. There is no evidence of any recovery in response to recent reductions in external nutrient loads.  6. Only in Esthwaite Water has the change in aquatic macrophytes been pronounced.  7. Palaeolimnological reconstruction is useful in determining background conditions and natural variation in lake ecosystems.

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Section: Wastwatermentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Site Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes

2000

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“…82% of the intercepted rainfall passes through the lake. No correction was made for catchment storage, which is very small in the surrounding thin soils: the Blelham Tarn catchment is strongly flow‐regulated and susceptible to flushing after high‐rainfall (Kadiri & Reynolds, 1993).…”

Section: Rainfall and Dilution Of The Surface Mixed Layer By Runoffmentioning

confidence: 99%

The annual cycle of growth rate and biomass change in Planktothrix spp. in Blelham Tarn, English Lake District

et al. 2003

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SUMMARY 1. The changes in the vertical distributions of red coloured Planktothrix rubescens and green P. agardhii filaments in Blelham Tarn, English Lake District, were related to vertical profiles of temperature and light attenuation and to continuous records of the surface irradiance and windspeed, from August 1999 to October 2000. 2. The potential growth rate of each organism was calculated from the irradiance and temperature at 0.5 m depths and hourly intervals throughout the year, using algorithms determined from growth rates in culture. The analyses indicated that there was sufficient irradiance for growth, integrated over the 24‐h cycle, at depths down to the metalimnion where the Planktothrix populations stratified in summer. The compensation depth for growth by P. rubescens reached a maximum of 9.3 m in spring and midsummer, and fell to a minimum of 1.6 m in midwinter; the corresponding values for P. agardhii were 7.9 and 0.5 m. 3. The mixed depth (zm) exceeded the critical depth for growth (zb) by P. rubescens (the condition preventing population increase) on only 3 days of the year; for P. agardhii, however, zm exceeded zb on 31 days, contributing to its faster decline. The stratified population of P. rubescens was the major cause of light attenuation during the summer of 2000, and resulted in competitive exclusion of P. agardhii. 4. The calculated growth rates integrated over the depth of the water column in Blelham Tarn equalled, or exceeded, the measured changes of the populations during periods when they were increasing, during summer and autumn. Close agreement between the two values was found for much of the year when allowance was made for dilution of the lake population by rainfall over the watershed. During periods of rapid decline, of P. agardhii in September 1999, P. rubescens in December 1999 and both in July–August 2000, additional losses (e.g. by chytrid parasitism and grazing) are invoked.

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“…These lakes have well documented eutrophication histories (e.g. Kadiri & Reynolds, 1993; Talling, 1993; Reynolds & Irish, 2000; Pickering, 2001). Measured annual mean TP data exist for 1946 and then continuously on a weekly basis from 1970, and measured annual maximum SRP data exist for each year from 1945 (Cumbrian Lakes Database, unpublished data; Talling & Heaney, 1988).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of diatom phosphorus transfer functions and export coefficient models as tools for reconstructing lake nutrient histories

et al. 2005

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1. We compared the baseline phosphorus (P) concentrations inferred by diatom-P transfer functions and export coefficient models at 62 lakes in Great Britain to assess whether the techniques produce similar estimates of historical nutrient status. 2. There was a strong linear relationship between the two sets of values over the whole total P (TP) gradient (2-200 lg TP L )1 ). However, a systematic bias was observed with the diatom model producing the higher values in 46 lakes (of which values differed by more than 10 lg TP L )1 in 21). The export coefficient model gave the higher values in 10 lakes (of which the values differed by more than 10 lg TP L )1 in only 4). 3. The difference between baseline and present-day TP concentrations was calculated to compare the extent of eutrophication inferred by the two sets of model output. There was generally poor agreement between the amounts of change estimated by the two approaches. The discrepancy in both the baseline values and the degree of change inferred by the models was greatest in the shallow and more productive sites. 4. Both approaches were applied to two lakes in the English Lake District where long-term P data exist, to assess how well the models track measured P concentrations since approximately 1850. There was good agreement between the pre-enrichment TP concentrations generated by the models. The diatom model paralleled the steeper rise in maximum soluble reactive P (SRP) more closely than the gradual increase in annual mean TP in both lakes. The export coefficient model produced a closer fit to observed annual mean TP concentrations for both sites, tracking the changes in total external nutrient loading. 5. A combined approach is recommended, with the diatom model employed to reflect the nature and timing of the in-lake response to changes in nutrient loading, and the export coefficient model used to establish the origins and extent of changes in the external load and to assess potential reduction in loading under different management scenarios. 6. However, caution must be exercised when applying these models to shallow lakes where the export coefficient model TP estimate will not include internal P loading from lake sediments and where the diatom TP inferences may over-estimate TP concentrations because of the high abundance of benthic taxa, many of which are poor indicators of trophic state.

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Long-term monitoring of the conditions of lakes: the example of the English Lake District

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes

Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes

The annual cycle of growth rate and biomass change in Planktothrix spp. in Blelham Tarn, English Lake District

A comparison of diatom phosphorus transfer functions and export coefficient models as tools for reconstructing lake nutrient histories

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