Longitudinal associations between parental incarceration and children's emotional and behavioural development: Results from a population cohort study

Bradshaw, Daragh; Hannigan, Ailish; Creaven, Ann‐Marie; Muldoon, Orla T.

doi:10.1111/cch.12732

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In this respect, the results of our research correspond with the results of studies conducted by other authors, who reported that, although numerous mediating factors were controlled for, the risk of negative consequences in psychosocial development was still increased among prisoners’ children [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Our results are consistent with those reported by other authors both as regards the higher level of externalizing problems in prisoners’ children [ 2 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] and as regards the higher level of internalizing problems [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Prisoners’ Children Based on the Children’s Self-Report

Domżalska

Skowroński

Wolańczyk

2022

IJERPH

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The aim of the analyses was to investigate the relations between parental incarceration and the levels of behavioral and emotional problems in children of fathers serving prison sentences, based on the children’s self-report. We tested a criterion group and two control groups. The criterion group consisted of children whose fathers were in prison. The children in control group I were from complete families; the level of problem behaviors in these families and the level of psychological resiliency in these children were similar to the respective levels in the criterion group. Finally, control group II consisted of children whose fathers were not in prison; problem behaviors in their families were basically absent or slight, and their level of resiliency was significantly higher compared to prisoners’ children and control group I. Prisoners’ children exhibited a higher level of emotional and behavioral problems than children from families in which the father was not serving a prison sentence and in which the level of dysfunctions was low. As regards prisoners’ children compared to their peers with a similar level of resiliency and a similar level of problem behavior in the family, statistically significant differences were found only in a few categories of emotional and behavioral problems. Parental incarceration proved to be an additional factor increasing the level of behavioral and emotional problems in children and adolescents—particularly girls—whose fathers were imprisoned.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Additionally, Kinner and colleagues [ 14 ] found a higher level of externalizing behavior in boys. Several studies also confirmed that parental incarceration was related to children’s internalizing problems–depression [ 14 , 15 ], anxiety [ 14 , 17 ]–and to social stigma [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Prisoners’ Children Based on the Children’s Self-Report

Domżalska

Skowroński

Wolańczyk

2022

IJERPH

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“…Importantly, children affected by PI are at increased risk of experiencing multiple social and economic stressors (Bradshaw et al, 2020). Gender differences in children's social and emotional development are well-established (e.g., Farrington et al, 2012); besides this, household socioeconomic status (SES), stressful life events (SLEs) (Kjellstrand et al, 2020), PCG age, and PCG level of education (Pogarsky et al, 2006) can all have negative consequences for children's emotional and behavioral development.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental incarceration affects children’s emotional and behavioral outcomes: A longitudinal cohort study of children aged 9 to 13 years

Bradshaw

Creaven

Muldoon

2021

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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Parental incarceration (PI) is negatively associated with emotional, educational, and psychological child outcomes. However, few studies explore potential mechanisms through which these outcomes are transmitted or the means by which prosocial outcomes might develop. This study used data from two waves of a population cohort study of children aged 9 years and followed up aged 13 years living in Ireland. Children and parents ( N = 8,568) completed measures of PI, primary caregiver (PCG) depression, PCG-child relationship quality, and child behavioral adjustment. We then conducted a secondary analysis on this national longitudinal study of children in Ireland. Using sequential mediation models, we observed a mediated indirect effect of PI on prosocial outcomes via PCG depression and PCG-child relationship quality. PI at age 9 was associated with increased difficulties and reduced prosocial behavior at age 13. Additionally, PI at age 9 affected PCG depression and the PCG-child relationship quality. Additionally, child prosocial outcomes, and emotional and behavioral difficulties were less apparent where PI had a weaker effect on PCG depression and the quality of PCG-child relationship. Supports that can mitigate the impact of PI for vulnerable caregivers and children are discussed.

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“…Ferraro and Shippee (2009) discuss how this accumulated stress compounds in later life and can increase the aging process, resulting in poor health outcomes, and these stressful life events have been demonstrated even in children as young as nine in a study by Bradshaw et al. (2020). In this study, which looked at the impact of parental incarceration, children of these parents were found to report more anxiety and report more life stressors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological stress responses to inequality across income groups in a virtual society

Ryan

Muldoon

Gallagher

et al. 2021

J Applied Social Pyschol

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A growing body of research suggests that inequality can be stressful for all within a society. We consider this assertion by exploring whether there is evidence of physiological stress responses to different income and inequality conditions in a hypothetical society. The combined effect of inequality for different income groups on cardiovascular reactivity was assessed while participants engaged in purchasing decisions. The study included 102 participants, 84 of which had full data for analyses (42 male, 41 female, 1 unspecified). The average age was 23 years. A 3 × 2 design manipulated both inequality (stable, increasing, and decreasing) and income (high and low). Cardiovascular reactivity was operationalized as change in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP; diastolic and systolic) responses at the end of the purchasing task compared with baseline. Although there was no direct association between income, inequality, and BP, results indicated that low‐income participants had the higher HR reactivity to stable inequality compared with increasing inequality. These findings indicate that inequality has the hallmarks of a stressor; this is contingent on the type of inequality. This suggests that inequality itself may be detrimental to future health via the stress pathway. These findings highlight that the nature of inequality, increasing, decreasing, or stable is relevant to its impact and that these impacts of inequality may extend to the biological.

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Longitudinal associations between parental incarceration and children's emotional and behavioural development: Results from a population cohort study

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Prisoners’ Children Based on the Children’s Self-Report

Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Prisoners’ Children Based on the Children’s Self-Report

Parental incarceration affects children’s emotional and behavioral outcomes: A longitudinal cohort study of children aged 9 to 13 years

Physiological stress responses to inequality across income groups in a virtual society

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