Low-Carbohydrate Diet Inhibits Different Advanced Glycation End Products in Kidney Depending on Lipid Composition but Causes Adverse Morphological Changes in a Non-Obese Model Mice

Abstract

Low carbohydrate diets (LC diets) have been noted for adverse health effects. In addition, the effect of lipid composition on an LC diet is unclear. In this study, we used an LC diet containing two different lipids, lard (LC group) and medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT-LC group), to examine the effect of an LC diet in non-obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed the control diet or one of the experimental diets ad libitum for 13 weeks. Increased renal weight and glomerular hypertrophy, as well as enlargement of intraglomerular small vessels with wall thickening, were seen in the LC and MCT-LC groups. Renal AMP-activated protein kinase activity was significantly decreased only in the LC diet group. On the other hand, epididymal adipose tissue weight and adipocyte area were markedly decreased only in the MCT-LC group. A positive effect was also observed in the kidney, where different advanced glycation end products, Nε-(carboxyethyl)-lysine and Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine, were inhibited depending on the lipid composition of the LC diet. Our findings suggest that, in non-obese conditions, low dietary intake of carbohydrates had both positive and negative impacts. The safety of diets low in carbohydrates, including the effects of fatty acid composition, requires further investigation.

Small extracellular vesicles in plasma reveal molecular effects of modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet in participants with mild cognitive impairment

“…2 Though the precise mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of the KD are not fully elucidated, candidates like reduction of neuronal hyperexcitability through glutamatergic and amyloid-beta (Aβ) inhibition and KD-mediated reduction of oxidative stress, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), and neuroinflammation have been suggested to play a critical role. [3][4][5][6][7][8] For example, in AD, Aβ oligomers interfere with glutamate receptors in the synapses and increase the spillover of glutamate, activating glutamate receptors in the extra-synaptic sites, which in turn activate apoptotic and necrotic pathways. 9,10 Preclinical studies provide ample evidence that elevating ketone bodies regulate Aβ levels.…”

Current Perspective About the Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Oxidative Stress – a Review

“…In the kidney, the level of N ε -(carboxymethyl)lysine was significantly lower in the mice fed a lard--based diet. Contrary, the concentration of N ε -(carboxyethyl) lysine was the lowest in the MCT-fed mice [Kaburagi et al, 2019]. This study underlined the importance of diet composition, not only the ratio between fat and other nutrients.…”

“…The composition of low-carbohydrate diets was evaluated in a study by Kaburagi et al [2019]. Diets consisting of lard vs. MCT oil were compared in non-obese mice fed ad libitum for 13 weeks.…”

Insulin Resistance and Hypertension: Mechanisms Involved and Modifying Factors for Effective Glucose Control

“…Restricting CHO intake in patients with IR and T2DM to <30% of daily calories improves the level of HbA1C, one of the glycation-derived AGEs [ 102 ]. In another study, CHO restriction was found to reduce AGEs in the kidney [ 103 ].…”