Low-Dimensional Materials and State-of-the-Art Architectures for Infrared Photodetection

Abstract

Infrared photodetectors are gaining remarkable interest due to their widespread civil and military applications. Low-dimensional materials such as quantum dots, nanowires, and two-dimensional nanolayers are extensively employed for detecting ultraviolet to infrared lights. Moreover, in conjunction with plasmonic nanostructures and plasmonic waveguides, they exhibit appealing performance for practical applications, including sub-wavelength photon confinement, high response time, and functionalities. In this review, we have discussed recent advances and challenges in the prospective infrared photodetectors fabricated by low-dimensional nanostructured materials. In general, this review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art device architectures, major developments, and future trends in infrared photodetection.

Low‐dimensional nanomaterial/Si heterostructure‐based photodetectors

“…[1][2][3][4][5] To date, a large variety of semiconductor materials, including Si, Ge, CdS, ZnS, InGaAs, and GaN, have been explored in the construction of highly efficient photodetectors. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] As one of the most earth-abundant elements, Si possesses unique properties, such as high thermal conductivity and hardness, and low density. Moreover, as a benefit of highly developed synthetic methods, controlling n-or p-type doping in Si is facile.…”

“…The rational design of photodetectors with superior characteristics has attracted considerable research interest owing to their potential utilization in a variety of fields, including light communication, image sensing, and space exploration . To date, a large variety of semiconductor materials, including Si, Ge, CdS, ZnS, InGaAs, and GaN, have been explored in the construction of highly efficient photodetectors …”

Nanostructured Materials and Architectures for Advanced Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices

“…Since Iijima discovered carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [175] 1D nanostructures such as, nonowires (NWs), nonotubes (NTs), and nanobelts (NBs) have sparked intense research interests due to their inherent anisotropic structures and the potential for revolutionizing large areas of nanotechnology. These 1D nanostructures have received a lot of attention in optoelectronic devices such as lasers, [176][177][178][179] photodetectors, [126,[180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188] photonic memory, [189] etc., and more recently, optoelectronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic applications. [47,[190][191][192][193] Though 2D nanostructures are restricted to the one-dimension nanoscale, 1D nanostructures offer another spatial dimension confined within the nanoscale.…”

“…For example, the interaction between layers of BP may result in a bandgap change ranging from 0.35 to 1.0 eV. [123][124][125][126] Furthermore, because of an atomic-thin characteristic, 2D materials may provide high stiffness while also offering tremendous tolerance to external stress and strain, making themselves particularly appealing as building blocks in flexible electronics applications. Aside from that, electrical and optical stimuli [127][128][129] have been shown to be capable of tuning the electronic characteristics of 2D materials, which may be used to design them for use in optoelectronic devices.…”

WS2–Polyaniline Nanohybrid Materials for High-External Quantum Efficiency Photoelectric Devices Utilized in Flexible Electronics

“…36 Optimizing the manufacture and integration of the nanohybrid material into photodetection devices may also be a project goal. 37,38 This may entail investigating new device topologies, creating effective fabrication techniques, and assessing how well the material works with current technologies. 29 The hybrid organic−inorganic photodetectors highlight the exceptional electrical and optical characteristics of organic compounds along with those of inorganic materials, such as broadband absorption, light−matter solid interaction exacerbated by excitonic resonances, and the intrinsic carrier mobilities.…”